;Ultimate Civ II - Civilopedia Descriptions Text File -- Copyright (c) 1997 MicroProse Software, Inc. 
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@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS

@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX
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@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS

@@WONDER_INDEX
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@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS

@@UNIT_INDEX
0,     ;    Fanteria Veterana
1,     ;    Engineer
2,     ;    Bersaglieri
3,     ;    British Veteran
4,     ;    G.I. Veteran
5,     ;    Infanterie Veteranen
6,     ;    Widerstandsnest
7,     ;    Divisione Costiera
8,     ;    MSVN
9,     ;    Partigiani
10,    ;    Marines
11,    ;    Paracadutisto
12,    ;    Prigionieri di guerra
13,    ;    Fallschirmjger
14,    ;    Gebirgsjger
15,    ;    Sea Mines
16,    ;    Bunker
17,    ;    Kasematte
18,    ;    Pzkw VG
19,    ;    Pzkw VIE
20,    ;    PanzerGrenadier
21,    ;    Panzerschreck
22,    ;    Stug IIIG
23,    ;    3.7cm Flak 36
24,    ;    8.8cm Flak 37
25,    ;    10.5cm leFH18
26,    ;    15cm sIG33
27,    ;    Me-109G
28,    ;    FW-190A
29,    ;    Me-110
30,    ;    Do-217E
31,    ;    Ju-88
32,    ;    Sella Class DD
33,    ;    Giusanno Class CL
34,    ;    Littorio Class BB
35,    ;    Sottomarino
36,    ;    Type IXC
37,    ;    Tribal Class DD
38,    ;    Leander Class CL
39,    ;    York Class CA
40,    ;    QE Class BB
41,    ;    S-Class
42,    ;    Illustrious Class CV
43,    ;    Seafire Mk.II
44,    ;    Fairey Barracuda
45,    ;    Liberty Ship
46,    ;    Landing Craft
47,    ;    Beachhead
48,    ;    M8 Greyhound
49,    ;    Elite-Jagdgeschwader
50,    ;    C.200 Saetta
51,    ;    C.202 Folgore
52,    ;    SM.79 Sparviero
53,    ;    Z.1007 Alcione
54,    ;    P-40 Warhawk
55,    ;    P-38 Lightning
56,    ;    P-51D Mustang
57,    ;    A-36 Apache
58,    ;    B-24 Liberator
59,    ;    B-25 Mitchell
60,    ;    B-26 Marauder
61,    ;    B-17 Fortress
62,    ;    C-47 Dakota
63,    ;    Beaufighter Mk.VI
64,    ;    Kittyhawk
65,    ;    Spitfire Mk.IX
66,    ;    Hurricane IIc
67,    ;    Martin Baltimore
68,    ;    Vickers Wellington
69,    ;    Boston III
70,    ;    Sunderland III
71,    ;    Waco Glider
72,    ;    Gen. Patton
73,    ;    Gen. Clark
74,    ;    Gen. Truscott
75,    ;    DUKW
76,    ;    Armored Infantry
77,    ;    M5 Stuart
78,    ;    M4A1 Sherman
79,    ;    M4A3 76(W) Sherman
80,    ;    M10 Wolverine
81,    ;    Ranger
82,    ;    82nd Airborne
83,    ;    M1 57mm AT.
84,    ;    M7 105mm HMC
85,    ;    M12 155mm HMC
86,    ;    US Bofors 40mm AA
87,    ;    M2A1 105mm Art.
88,    ;    M1 155mm Art.
89,    ;    US Truck
90,    ;    Gen. Montgomery
91,    ;    Gen. Leese
92,    ;    British PIAT
93,    ;    British MG
94,    ;    Daimler AC
95,    ;    Sherman IIa (Bde)
96,    ;    Churchill Mk.IV
97,    ;    Sherman VC Firefly
98,    ;    UK Truck
99,    ;    Commandos
100,   ;    1st Airborne
101,   ;    6 pdr AT.
102,   ;    British Motor Troops
103,   ;    Sherman IIa
104,   ;    Bishop 25pdr
105,   ;    UK Bofors 40mm AA
106,   ;    25 pdr MKII Art.
107,   ;    5.5 inch Art.
108,   ;    Fanteria Motorizzata
109,   ;    M13/40
110,   ;    Semovente 75/18
111,   ;    AB 41
112,   ;    20/65 AA.
113,   ;    75/46 AA.
114,   ;    75/27 Art.
115,   ;    105/28 Art.
116,   ;    149/40 Art.
117,   ;    Cdn Mot. Inf.
118,   ;    Cdn Sherman III
119,   ;    Cdn M7 105mm
120,   ;    Cdn Motor Troops
121,   ;    Cdn Infantry
122,   ;    Radar Station
123,   ;    Kstenbatterie
124,   ;    Krupp K5
125,   ;    Pontoon Bridge
126,   ;    SA Mot. Inf.
127,   ;    SA Sherman III
128,   ;    SA Sexton
129,   ;    SA Motor Troops
130,   ;    Braz. 1st Inf.
131,   ;    Gurkhas
132,   ;    Indian Infantry
133,   ;    4th Indian Div.
134,   ;    Indian 25 pdr Art.
135,   ;    Polish Infantry
136,   ;    Polish Sherman III
137,   ;    Polish 25 pdr Art.
138,   ;    Infanterie Coloniale
139,   ;    Goumier Marocain
140,   ;    Tirailleur Algrien
141,   ;    Free French Infantry
142,   ;    Free French 105 Art.
143,   ;    Free French M10
144,   ;    NZ Mot. Inf.
145,   ;    NZ Sherman III
146,   ;    NZ Sexton
147,   ;    US 442nd Regt
148,   ;    Grille H sIG33
149,   ;    Pzkw IVF
150,   ;    Pzkw IVH
151,   ;    Mot. Infanterie
152,   ;    SdkFz 231
153,   ;    Greek Mtn. Bde
154,   ;    SdkFz 7/2 AA
155,   ;    SS SdkFz 7/2 AA
156,   ;    SS Panzergrenadier
157,   ;    SS Panther
158,   ;    SS Hummel
159,   ;    SS Pzkw IV
160,   ;    SS Mot. Infanterie
161,   ;    SS SdkFz 234/2
162,   ;    Jewish Bde
163,   ;    G.I. Regular
164,   ;    US 1st Infantry
165,   ;    US 10th Mountain
166,   ;    US Bazooka
167,   ;    M4A1 Sherman (Ind)
168,   ;    British Regular
169,   ;    Cromwell Mk.VII
170,   ;    Churchill AVRE
171,   ;    Heavy Shell
172,   ;    105mm Shell
173,   ;    155mm Shell
174,   ;    Light Bombload
175,   ;    Medium Bombload
176,   ;    Heavy Bombload
177,   ;    Light Flak
178,   ;    Heavy Flak
179,   ;    Mortar Shells
180,   ;    Torpedo
181,   ;    Fritz-X
182,   ;    Railroad Yard
183,   ;    Docks
184,   ;    Oil Tanker (F)
185,   ;    Oil Tanker (E)
186,   ;    Supply Hub
187,   ;    Gen. McCreery
188,   ;    British 52nd Mtn
-2,    ;	MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!


@@00 Fanteria Veterana

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience

A regular unit would have received at least basic training

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

@@01 Engineer

Engineer units play a vital role within the game has they have multiple functions, including the following (see Game Tips: Engineers for a detailed description of each task):

Repair river crossings
Clear sea mines from port cities
Build docks in port cities
Build pontoon bridges on riverbeds
Build radar stations in cities or airbases

You are only allowed to have 4 of these units at any time and therefore always be sure to protect them and have them follow your forces to handle all the different tasks as needed.

@@02 Bersaglieri

The Bersaglieri, singular Bersagliere, are a troop of marksmen in the Italian Army's infantry corps. They were originally created by General Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora on 18 June 1836 to serve in the Royal Sardinian Army, which later became the Royal Italian Army. 

They can be recognized by their distinctive wide-brimmed hats decorated with black western capercaillie feathers, which is worn with the dress uniform. The feathers are also applied to their combat helmets.

The Bersaglieri fought in the Italian invasion of France and in the Greco-Italian War, later Bersaglieri regiments were deployed on the Eastern Front. One battalion of Bersaglieri participated in the East African Campaign. Six Bersaglieri regiments served and were destroyed during the North African Campaign.

After the Armistice of Cassibile between the Kingdom of Italy and Western Allies on 8 September 1943, Italy split in half. The Republic of Salo continued the war alongside Nazi Germany. 

Its Army, the fascist National Republican Army, raised the 1st Bersaglieri Division "Italia", which was attached to the German 14th Army in a sector on the Northern Apennines. The division fought along the Gothic Line, and at the end of the final allied offensive, along with two Wehrmacht and the last fascist divisions, surrendered after the Battle of Collecchio.

@@03 British Veteran

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

These same units, depending on the organization or nation could further be motorized or mechanized.

@@04 G.I. Veteran

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

@@05 Infanterie Veteranen

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

@@06 Widerstandsnest

'Wn' is the German abbreviation of Wiederstandnest, which literally means 'nest of resistance'. In military terms, this is a strongpoint.

The Gustav Line ran along the Garigiliano and Rapido rivers on the west and on the Sangro river on the east side of the Italian peninsula. The line was defended by 15 German divisions fortified with small arms, artillery, pill boxes, machine gun emplacements, minefields and barbed wire 

@@07 Reggimento Costiero

By early 1943, the Italian state found itself facing a direct threat to the national territory. A series of "Coastal Divisions" were thus established by the Royal Italian Army with the primary task of providing static defenses for Italy's overly long and exposed coastlines from invasions from the sea.

These coastal divisions were second line divisions formed with reservists and equipped with second rate materiel. Recruited locally, they were often commanded by officers called out of retirement. 

Many of these units were deployed in Sicily and, overall, failed in their defensive missions, often being overwhelmed by the superior Allied firepower with many surrendering after only giving token resistance.

@@08 MSVN

The Voluntary Militia for National Security (Italian: Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, MVSN), commonly called the Blackshirts, was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party, known as the Squadrismo, and after 1923 an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy under Fascist rule, similar to the SA. 

Its members were distinguished by their black uniforms (modelled on those of the Arditi, Italy's elite troops of World War I) and their loyalty to Benito Mussolini, the Duce (leader) of Fascism, to whom they swore an oath. 

The founders of the paramilitary groups were nationalist intellectuals, former army officers and young landowners opposing peasants' and country labourers' unions. Their methods became harsher as Mussolini's power grew, and they used violence and intimidation against Mussolini's opponents.

@@09 Partigiani

The CLN was formed on 9 September 1943, following Italy's armistice and Germany's invasion of the country. The member parties were the Italian Communist Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Action Party, the Christian Democracy, the Labour Democratic Party, and the Italian Liberal Party. With the backing of the Royal government and the Allied powers, CLN gained official recognition as the representative of the Italian resistance movement, and had several leaders operating underground in German-occupied Italy.

The partisan formations controlled by the CLN were primarily divided between three main groups, Communist Garibaldi Brigades, the Action Party's Justice and Freedom Brigades, and Socialist "Matteotti" Brigades. Smaller groups included Catholic and monarchist partisans. There were partisan units not represented in the CLN, including the Brigata Maiella and anarchist, republican and Trotskyist formations.

The CLN led the governments of Italy from the liberation of Rome in June 1944 until the first post-war general election in 1946.

GAME NOTE: 

The Partigiani possess the domain 3 role and therefore CANNOT capture cities. 

They can 'spy' on adjacent enemy cities by pressing on the 'k' key.

@@10 Marines

@@11 Paracadutisto

The Italians were among the very first to see the potential of airborne warfare, dropping agents behind Austrian lines during World War I. Military experiments with paratroopers began in 1927 with a drop at Cinisello near Milan. The Italians used the Salvatore parachute operated by a hand grip on the belt or static line.

The death of General Allesandro Guidoni, the founder of Italian airborne forces in a parachuting accident in 1928 slowed further development.

By November 1940 there was an Army and Carabinari parachute battalion under training. Two parachute regiments were raised between April-August 1941. One battalion was parachuted onto the Greek Island of Cephalonia. Both regiments fought in North Africa.

At the end of 1941 the Folgore Parachute Division was established and ear-marked for a proposed air invasion of Malta. They were eventually overrun at El Alamain on the Egyptian border in November 1942, fighting with the German Afrika Korps as line-infantry.

The Nembo Parachute Division in Italy fought in Sicily in 1943 and continued operating with the Germans after the Italian Armistice and Allied invasion in September.

Despite the effort expended on parachute development between the wars, Italian parachutists fought no major airborne actions during the Second World War.

@@12 Prigionieri di guerra

Fascist Italy, prior to its collapse, suffered about 200,000 casualties, mostly prisoners-of-war taken in the invasion of Sicily, including more than 40,000 killed or missing. 

In the game, Italian prisoners of war are generated after certain scenario events are triggered.  

The Allies receive extra supplies for each prisoner they manage to 'capture', i.e. defeat in combat.

@@13 Fallschirmjger

The Fallschirmjger were the paratrooper branch of the German Luftwaffe before and during World War II. They were the first paratroopers to be committed in large-scale airborne operations.

The Fallschirmjger had been highly active in the North African and Mediterranean theatre throughout the war, with their pyrrhic parachute drop during the invasion of Crete signalling the end of their usage as true airborne troops, earning a reputation as tough, skilled combatants, albeit frequently lacking in heavy equipment or support. 

In Italy, however, they found themselves as arguably the cream of the Axis forces manning the fortifications and defensive strongholds of the Gustav Line, operating alongside regular Heer, Waffen-SS, and Italian units in the mountains and valleys of central-southern Italy. 

Here, well-supplied and supported by armour and artillery, they were able to inflict serious damage on Allied units attempting to push north up the Italian Peninsula, often requiring enormous effort and expenditure to be evicted from their positions. The most famous of these battles is of course the epic and costly struggle for Monte Cassino in early 1944, but many less well-known engagements proliferated throughout the Italian campaign

@@14 Gebirgsjger

Gebirgsjger were the light infantry part of the alpine or mountain troops (Gebirgstruppe) of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The word Jger (meaning "hunter" or "huntsman") is a characteristic term used for light infantry in German speaking countries.

During World War II the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS raised a number of mountain infantry units, identified by the edelweiss insignia worn on their sleeves and caps. These divisions were lightly equipped, with much of the transport provided by mules. They were equipped with fewer automatic weapons than regular infantry, however the MG 34 or MG 42machine gunners were provided with more ammunition than their regular infantry counterparts. Special equipment was made for them including the G33/40 mauser rifle based on the VZ.33 rifle.

Mountain infantry participated in many campaigns, including Operations Weserbung, Silver Fox, Platinum Fox, Arctic Fox and Northern Lights. They also served in the Caucasus, the invasion of Crete, the Balkans, the Gothic Line, and the battles in the Vosges region of France.

@@15 Sea Mines

Sea mines contitute German forces efforts to deny the Allies easy access to ports and therefore do not simply represent mines themselves but the destruction of port facilites, such as cranes, warehouses and docks, and the placement of hidden time delayed bombs. 

Sea mine obstacles are located in front of every major italian and sicilian port city and thus are used to deny access to Allied ships.

In game terms they are very powerful defensively are thus are very difficult to be destroyed by conventional weapons. The best method for removing them is by deploying one of your engineer units in the city and pressing on the 'k' key. 

Provided you meet the minimum requirements (see Game Tips: Engineers - Clear sea mines from port cities) you will be able to remove the obstacles.

@@16 Bunker

A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks. Bunkers are almost always underground, in contrast to blockhouses which are mostly above ground. They were used extensively in World War I, World War II, and the Cold War for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage facilities.

Famous bunkers include the post-World War I Maginot Line on the French eastern border and Czechoslovak border fortifications mainly on the northern Czech border facing Germany (but to lesser extent all around), Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium, Alpine Wall on the north of Italy, World War II Fhrerbunker and in Italy, industrial Marnate's Bunker, the V-weapon installations in Germany (Mittelwerk) & France (La Coupole, and the Blockhaus d'perlecques).

GAME NOTE: 

Bunkers provide an extra +2 DF to any static (0 MP's) German defensive units located in the same tile

@@17 Kasematte

A casemate ("Kasematte" in german) is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired, in a fortification, warship, or armoured fighting vehicle.

When referring to antiquity, the term "casemate wall" means a double city wall with the space between the walls separated into chambers, which could be filled up to better withstand battering rams in case of siege.

In its original early modern meaning, the term referred to a vaulted chamber in a fort, which may have been used for storage, accommodation, or artillery which could fire through an opening or embrasure. Although the outward faces of brick or masonry casemates proved vulnerable to advances in artillery performance, the invention of reinforced concrete allowed newer designs to be produced well into the 20th century. 

GAME NOTE: 

Kasematte provide an extra +3 DF to any static (0 MP's) German defensive units located in the same tile

@@18 Pzkw VG

The Panther tank, officially Panzerkampfwagen V Panther (abbreviated PzKpfw V) was a German medium tank of World War II. It was used on the Eastern and Western Fronts from mid-1943 to the end of the war in May 1945.

The Panther was intended to counter the Soviet T-34 medium tank and to replace the Panzer III and Panzer IV. Nevertheless, it served alongside the Panzer IV and the heavier Tiger I until the end of the war. The Panther was a compromise. 

While having essentially the same Maybach V12 petrol (690 hp) engine as the Tiger I, it had better gun penetration, was lighter and faster, and could traverse rough terrain better than the Tiger I. 

The trade-off was weaker side armour, which made it vulnerable to flanking fire and a weaker high explosive shell. The Panther proved to be effective in open country and long-range engagements. Although it had excellent firepower, protection and mobility, its reliability was less impressive.

The Panther was far cheaper to produce than the Tiger I. Key elements of the Panther design, such as its armour, transmission, and final drive, were simplifications made to improve production rates and address raw material shortages. Despite this, the overall design has still been described by some as "overengineered".

GAME NOTE: 

The Pzkw VG will receive a 10% bonus to its combat factor (AF) when attacking any Allied tank unit and a 10% bonus when defending against any Allied tank unit. 

@@19 Pzkw VIE

The Tiger I was a German heavy tank of World War II that operated beginning in 1942 in Africa and in the Soviet Union, usually in independent heavy tank battalions. It gave the German Army its first armoured fighting vehicle that mounted the 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun (derived from the 8.8 cm Flak 36). 1,347 were built between August 1942 and August 1944. After August 1944, production of the Tiger I was phased out in favour of the Tiger II.

While the Tiger I has been called an outstanding design for its time, it has also been called over-engineered, using expensive materials and labour-intensive production methods. In the early period Tiger was prone to certain types of track failures and breakdowns and was in general limited in range by its high fuel consumption. It was expensive to maintain, but generally mechanically reliable. 

It was difficult to transport and vulnerable to immobilisation when mud, ice, and snow froze between its overlapping and interleaved Schachtellaufwerk-pattern road wheels, often jamming them solid. This was a problem on the Eastern Front in the muddy rasputitsa season and during periods of extreme cold.

GAME NOTE: 

The Pzkw VIE will receive a 25% bonus to its combat factor (AF) when attacking any Allied tank unit and a 25% bonus when defending against any Allied tank unit. 

@@20 PanzerGrenadier

Panzergrenadier, abbreviated as PzG (WWII) or PzGren (modern), meaning "Armour"-ed fighting vehicle "Grenadier", is the German term for the military doctrine of mechanized infantry units in armoured forces who specialize in fighting from and in conjunction with infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) that is, armoured troop carriers.

The Panzergrenadier doctrine was introduced by the German Army during the second half of the 1930s, initially being simple infantry (German: Schtzen) belonging to the armoured force (so-called "armour infantry"), serving either as mechanized or motorized infantry depending on their mode of transportation (infantry fighting vehicle vs unarmoured vehicle). 

IFVs (German: Schtzenpanzerwagen) were the preferred vehicle of transportation for the armoured infantry, but due to shortages, most units had to be transported in trucks as motorised infantry. The role of the armoured infantry was to escort and protect the armoured force from enemy infantry, allowing allied armour to deal with heavier threats. 

Mounted combat in IFVs could also be used in advancing assaults on to the enemy flanks. The success of this tactic during the first years of World War II led to the introduction of a new troop type specialising in IFV combat, called "Panzergrenadier". All mechanized and motorised infantry in the armoured force were reclassified as such in 1942, changing their classification from infantry to armoured unit.

@@21 Panzerschreck

Panzerschreck (lit. "tank fright", "tank's fright" or "tank's bane") was the popular name for the Raketenpanzerbchse 54 ("Rocket Anti-armor Rifle Model 54", abbreviated to RPzB 54), an 88 mm reusable anti-tank rocket launcher developed by Nazi Germany in World War II. 

The Panzerschreck was designed as a lightweight infantry anti-tank weapon. The weapon was shoulder-launched and fired a fin-stabilized rocket with a shaped-charge warhead. It was made in smaller numbers than the Panzerfaust, which was a light, disposable anti-tank weapon that used a system not unlike those of recoilless rifles.

The Panzerschreck development was initially based on the American "bazooka", captured during the Tunisian campaign, November 1942. The Panzerschreck was larger and heavier than its American counterpart the Panzerschreck had an 88 mm calibre, compared to the 57 mm calibre of the bazooka which meant that it could penetrate thicker armor, but also produced more smoke when firing.

Late war German tactical doctrine called for Panzerschreck and/or Panzerfaust teams to set up in staggered trenches no further than 115 metres (377 ft) apart. In this way, attacking armor would face anti-tank fire from multiple directions at a distance of no more than 69 metres (226 ft).

Allied armored units frequently attempted to add improvised protection to their tanks, e.g., sandbags, spare track units, logs and so on to protect against HEAT rounds. Another defense was to rig metal mesh and netting around the tank, resembling the German Schrzen auxiliary plates. In practice about 1 meter of air gap were required to substantially reduce the penetrating capability of RPzB, thus skirts and sandbags were entirely ineffective against RPzB and Panzerfaust.

@@22 Stug IIIG

The Sturmgeschtz III (StuG III) was an assault gun produced by Germany during World War II. It was the most-produced fully tracked armoured fighting vehicle, and second-most produced German armored combat vehicle of any type after the Sd.Kfz. 251 half-track. 

It was built on a slightly modified Panzer III chassis, replacing the turret with an armored, fixed superstructure mounting a more powerful gun. Initially intended as a mobile assault gun for direct-fire support for infantry, the StuG III was continually modified, and much like the later Jagdpanzer vehicles, was employed as a tank destroyer.

In Italy, the Sturmgeschtz was highly-valued by crews fighting Allied armour, but was dogged by mechanical unreliability; particularly the delicate final drive units. The small box on the track cover, which was normally fixed on the engine deck, contained the track tools.

@@23 3.7cm Flak 36

The 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37 was a series of anti-aircraft guns produced by Nazi Germany that saw widespread service in the Second World War. The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m. 

The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support roles as well; 37 mm caliber guns were no exception to that. 

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "Light Flak" shell in the same location of each 3.7cm Flak Gun that begins its turn next to an Allied air unit.  

@@24 8.8cm Flak 37

The 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41 was a German 88 mm anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun, developed in the 1930s. It was widely used by Germany throughout World War II and is one of the most recognized German weapons of the conflict. Development of the original model led to a wide variety of guns.

The name applies to a series of related guns, the first one officially called the 8.8 cm Flak 18, the improved 8.8 cm Flak 36, and later the 8.8 cm Flak 37. Flak is a contraction of German Flugabwehrkanone (also referred to as Fliegerabwehrkanone) meaning "aircraft-defense cannon", the original purpose of the weapon. 

The versatile carriage allowed the 8.8 cm Flak to be fired in a limited anti-tank mode when still on its wheels; it could be completely emplaced in only two and a half minutes. 

Its successful use as an improvised anti-tank gun led to the development of a tank gun based upon it: the 8.8 cm KwK 36, with the "KwK" abbreviation standing for Kampfwagen-Kanone (literally "battle vehicle cannon", or "fighting vehicle cannon"), meant to be placed in a gun turret as the tank's primary armament. This gun served as the main armament of the Tiger I heavy tank.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "Heavy Flak" shell in the same location of each 8.8cm Flak Gun that begins its turn within 2 tiles of an Allied air unit. 

In addition, the gun will also benefit from a 50% bonus to its defense factor when attacked by any Allied tank unit.
 
@@25 10.5cm leFH18

The 10.5 cm leFH 18 (German: leichte Feldhaubitze "light field howitzer") is a German light howitzer used in World War II and the standard artillery piece of the Wehrmacht, adopted for service in 1935 and used by all divisions and artillery battalions. From 1935 to the end of the war, 11,848 were produced, along with 10,265 of the leFH 18/40 variant.

Designed in the late 1920s, it represented a major advance on its predecessor the 10.5 cm leFH 16. It was superior in caliber to its early opponents in the war, with adequate range and firepower, but the modern split trail gun carriage that provided it with more stability and traverse also rendered it overly heavy for a mobile role in the largely horse-drawn artillery battalions of the German army, particularly in the mud and snow of the Eastern Front.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "105mm Shell" in the same location of a 10.5cm leFH18 gun unit, at the beginning of any turn, where an Allied ground unit is within 1 tile of the artillery piece.

@@26 15cm sIG33

The 15 cm sIG 33 (schweres Infanterie Geschtz 33, lit. "Heavy Infantry Gun") was the standard German heavy infantry gun used in the Second World War. It was the largest weapon ever classified as an infantry gun by any nation.

Its weight made it difficult to use in the field, and the gun was increasingly adapted to various ad hoc mobile mountings. These were generically referred to as the SIG 33.

Sources differ on the development history, but the gun itself was of conventional design. Early production models were horse-drawn, with wooden wheels. Later production models had pressed steel wheels, with solid rubber tires and air brakes for motor towing, albeit at a low speed (only carriages with pneumatic tires and suspension system could be towed at highway speeds). 

As with most German artillery carriages, the solid rubber tires and lack of springing meant that the gun could not safely be towed above 10 mph, and horse-drawing was still extensively employed.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "155mm Shell" in the same location of a 15cm sIG33 gun unit, at the beginning of any turn, where an Allied ground unit is within 2 tiles of the artillery piece.

@@27 Me-109G

The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a German World War II fighter aircraft that was, along with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, the backbone of the Luftwaffe's fighter force. The Bf 109 first saw operational service in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War and was still in service at the end of World War II in 1945.

It was one of the most advanced fighters when it first appeared, with an all-metal monocoque construction, a closed canopy, and retractable landing gear. 

In 1942, it began to be partially replaced in Western Europe by a new German fighter, the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, but it continued to serve in a multitude of roles on the Eastern Front and in the Defense of the Reich, as well as in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations and with Erwin Rommel's Afrikakorps. 

GAME NOTE: 

The Me-109G has a 40% of being upgraded to an Elite-Jagdgeschwader unit if victorious in combat.

@@28 FW-190A

The Focke-Wulf Fw 190, nicknamed Wrger ("Shrike") was a German single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank at Focke-Wulf in the late 1930s and widely used during World War II. Along with its well-known counterpart, the Messerschmitt Bf 109, the Fw 190 became the backbone of the Jagdwaffe (Fighter Force) of the Luftwaffe. 

The Fw 190 was well-liked by its pilots. Some of the Luftwaffe's most successful fighter aces claimed many of their kills while flying it, including Otto Kittel, Walter Nowotny and Erich Rudorffer. The Fw 190 had greater firepower than the Bf 109 and, at low to medium altitude, superior manoeuvrability, in the opinion of German pilots who flew both fighters. It was regarded as one of the best fighter planes of World War II.

GAME NOTE: 

The FW-190A has a 60% of being upgraded to an Elite-Jagdgeschwader unit if victorious in combat.

@@29 Me-110

The Messerschmitt Bf 110, often known unofficially as the Me 110, was a twin-engined Zerstrer (destroyer, heavy fighter), fighter-bomber (Jagdbomber or Jabo), and night fighter (Nachtjger) developed in Nazi Germany in the 1930s and used by the Luftwaffe during World War II.

The Bf 110 served with considerable success in the early campaigns in Poland, Norway, and France. The primary weakness of the Bf 110 was its lack of maneuverability, although this could be mitigated with better tactics.

During the Balkans and North African campaigns and on the Eastern Front, it rendered valuable ground support to the German Army as a potent fighter-bomber. Later in the war, it was developed into a formidable radar-equipped night fighter, becoming the main night-fighting aircraft of the Luftwaffe. 

Most of the German night fighter aces flew the Bf 110 at some point during their combat careers and the top night fighter ace, Major Heinz-Wolfgang Schnaufer, flew it exclusively and claimed 121 victories in 164 sorties.

@@30 Do-217E

The Dornier Do 217 was a bomber used by the German Luftwaffe during World War II as a more powerful development of the Dornier Do 17, known as the Fliegender Bleistift (German: "flying pencil"). 

Designed in 1937 and 1938 as a heavy bomber but not meant to be capable of the longer-range missions envisioned for the larger Heinkel He 177, the Do 217's design was refined during 1939 and production began in late 1940. It entered service in early 1941 and by the beginning of 1942 was available in significant numbers.

The type also served in anti-shipping units in the Mediterranean, attacking Allied convoys and naval units during the Battle of the Mediterranean. In 1943, the Do 217 was the first aircraft to deploy precision-guided munition in combat, when Fritz X radio-guided bombs sank the Italian battleship Roma in the Mediterranean. 

@@31 Ju-88

The Junkers Ju 88 was a German World War II Luftwaffe twin-engined multirole combat aircraft. Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works (JFM) designed the plane in the mid-1930s as a so-called Schnellbomber ("fast bomber") that would be too fast for fighters of its era to intercept.

Like a number of other Luftwaffe bombers, it served as a bomber, dive bomber, night fighter, torpedo bomber, reconnaissance aircraft, heavy fighter and at the end of the war, as a flying bomb.

Despite a protracted development, it became one of the Luftwaffe's most important aircraft. The assembly line ran constantly from 1936 to 1945 and more than 15,000 Ju 88s were built in dozens of variants, making it the second-most produced bomber of all time, behind the four-engined Consolidated B-24 Liberator, and the most-produced twin-engine German aircraft of the period.

On 2 December 1943, 105 Ju 88 A-4s, armed with bombs and motobomba circling torpedoes, attacked the Allied-held port of Bari, Italy. The attacking force achieved complete surprise and sunk over 20 Allied ships in the overcrowded harbour, including the U.S. Liberty ship John Harvey, which was carrying mustard gas. About 1,000 people were killed and another 1,000 wounded; many fatalities and injuries were as a result of the release of mustard gas. The attacking force lost one aircraft; the Allies had not assigned any fighters to guard Bari as they thought the Luftwaffe incapable of striking in this strength at this stage of the war. The port was completely closed for three weeks from the damage of the raid, and only resumed full operation in February 1944.

@@32 Sella Class DD

The Sella-class destroyers were a group of four destroyers built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) in the 1920s. Two of these ships fought in World War II and both were sunk after the Italian capitulation to the Allies. The two other ships were sold to the Swedish Navy in 1940 and were scrapped in the late 1940s.

The Sella-class destroyers were enlarged and improved versions of the preceding Palestro and Curtatone class. They had an overall length of 84.9 meters (278 ft 7 in), a beam of 8.6 meters (28 ft 3 in) and a draft of 2.7 meters (8 ft 10 in). They displaced 970 metric tons (950 long tons) at standard load, and 1,480 metric tons (1,460 long tons) at deep load. Their complement was 819 officers and 144 enlisted men.

@@33 Giusanno Class CL

The Alberto da Giussano class of light cruisers were a sub-class of the Condottieri class built before World War II for the Italian Regia Marina, to gain predominance in the Mediterranean Sea. They were designed by general Giuseppe Vian and were named after Condottieri (military commanders) of the Italian Mediaeval and Renaissance periods.

Between the World Wars, the world powers started a rush to gain the supremacy on the seas. In 1926, France started to produce the Le Fantasque class of destroyers, which were superior in displacement and firepower to other destroyers of that period. To counter the French menace, the Regia Marina decided to produce a new class of cruiser that would be of intermediate size between the new French destroyer class and cruisers. The Italian ships equated to the British Leander-class cruisers.

There were 4 ships, all laid down in 1928: Alberto da Giussano, Alberico da Barbiano, Bartolomeo Colleoni and Giovanni delle Bande Nere.

@@34 Littorio Class BB

The Littorio class, also known as the Vittorio Veneto class, was a class of battleship of the Regia Marina, the Italian navy. The class was composed of four ships Littorio, Vittorio Veneto, Roma, and Impero but only the first three ships of the class were completed. 

Built between 1934 and 1942, they were the most modern battleships used by Italy during World War II. They were developed in response to the French Dunkerque-class battleships, and were armed with 381-millimeter (15.0 in) guns and had a top speed of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph). The class's design was considered by the Spanish Navy, but the outbreak of World War II interrupted construction plans.

The first two ships, Littorio and Vittorio Veneto, were operational by the early months of Italy's participation in World War II. They formed the backbone of the Italian fleet, and conducted several sorties into the Mediterranean to intercept British convoys, though without any notable success. 

The two ships were repeatedly torpedoed throughout their careers: Littorio was hit by a torpedo during the attack on Taranto in November 1940 and again in June 1942; Vittorio Veneto was torpedoed during the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and while escorting a convoy to North Africa in September 1941. 

Roma joined the fleet in June 1942, although all three ships remained inactive in La Spezia until June 1943, when all three were damaged in a series of Allied air attacks on the harbor.

@@35 Sottomarino

At the joining of hostilities in June 1940 Italy had 115 submarines, the largest in the world at the time, of which 84 were operational; however 10 were lost in the first twenty days of action, due partly to flaws in quality, or poor training, and partly due to reckless bravado. 

Thereafter the Italians never had more than 25 to 30 boats at sea at any one time. The commander of the Italian submarine fleet on 10 June 1940 was Admiral Mario Falangola, who was replaced by Admiral Antonio Legnani in December 1941.

In the Mediterranean the submarine force suffered heavily in the face of intense anti submarine warfare, and in attacks on heavily guarded convoys and naval formations. 

Results were modest, with only 21 merchantmen and 13 enemy warships sunk (for a total around 100,000 tons); one reason for such a disappointing score was the lack of targets (with most of them being harder-to-hit warships, and the merchant ships being under heavy escort), and another was the outdated doctrine employed at the beginning of the war (with static patrols, and attacks being executed firing only one or two torpedoes), although this aspect was being corrected by 1942 (as proven during Operation Pedestal, when a more aggressive and dynamic conduct met with considerable success).

In 1943 at Italy's surrender the Regia Marina had 34 boats operational, having lost 92 vessels in action (over two-thirds of their number). During the conflict 88 submarines, some two-thirds of its total strength, were lost. 3,021 men of the Italian submarine service were lost at sea during the war.

@@36 Type IXC

The Mediterranean U-boat Campaign lasted from about 21 September 1941 to 19 September 1944 during the Second World War. Malta was an active British base strategically located near supply routes from Europe to North Africa. Axis supply convoys across the Mediterranean Sea suffered severe losses, which in turn threatened the fighting ability of the Axis armies in North Africa. 

The Allies were able to keep their North African armies supplied. The Kriegsmarine tried to isolate Malta but later it concentrated its U-boat operations on disrupting Allied landing operations in southern Europe.

Some 60 German U-boats made the hazardous passage into the Mediterranean Sea from 1941. Only one completed the journey both ways. Karl Dnitz, the Commander-in-Chief, U-boats, Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote (BdU) was always reluctant to send his boats into the Mittelmeer but he recognised that natural bottlenecks such as the Straits of Gibraltar were more likely to result in shipping being found and attacked than relying on finding it in the vast Atlantic Ocean.

As Allied escort forces in the Mediterranean became more numerous, the tactic of hunting a detected U-boat to exhaustion was given the name Swamp and used with increasing frequency. U-boats launched G7es torpedoes with passive homing against destroyers, but were unable to cope with a team of escorts. 

U-boats remaining in port were subjected to USAAF air raids from newly constructed airfields. Surviving U-boats at Toulon were scuttled when Operation Dragoon, (the invasion of southern France), closed the 29th Flotilla base on 15 August 1944. Three U-boats remained at Salamis until Allied forces reached them on 19 September 1944.

@@37 Tribal Class DD

The Tribal class, or Afridi class, was a class of destroyers built for the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Australian Navy that saw service in World War II. Originally conceived during design studies for a light fleet cruiser, the Tribals evolved into fast, powerful destroyers, with greater emphasis on guns over torpedoes than previous destroyers, in response to new designs by Japan, Italy, and Germany. 

The Tribals were well admired by their crews and the public when they were in service due to their power, often becoming symbols of prestige while in service.

As some of the Royal Navy's most modern and powerful escort ships, the Tribal class served with distinction in nearly all theatres of World War II.  

GAME NOTE: 

The Tribal Class DD has two additional abilities, i.e. it can use it's radar ('k' key) to search for enemy naval units within 5 tiles of its location or fire torpedoes ('u' key) at adjacent enemy vessels.

@@38 Leander Class CL

The Leander class was a class of eight light cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s that saw service in World War II. They were named after mythological figures, and all ships were commissioned between 1933 and 1936. 

The Leander class was influenced by the York-class heavy cruiser and was an attempt to better provide for the role of commerce protection. The 7,000-7,200 ton Leanders were armed with eight BL 6 inch Mk XXIII naval guns in twin turrets, two forward and two aft. 

Their secondary armament consisted of four high-angle QF 4 inch Mk V naval guns, which were later replaced by twin mountings for eight guns (the later high angle QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun). Their close-range anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of twelve 0.5-inch (13 mm) Vickers machine guns in three quadruple mounts. 

They also shipped a bank of four 21-inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes on each beam and provision was made in the design for the carriage of two catapult-launched Fairey Seafox aircraft.

@@39 York Class CA

The York class was the second and final class of heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy under the terms of the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. They were essentially a reduced version of the preceding County class, scaled down to enable more cruisers to be built from the limited defence budgets of the late 1920s.

It was initially planned to build seven ships of this class, though in the end only two were constructedHMS York, started in 1927, and HMS Exeter, started in 1928. Exeter differed in appearance from York because of late changes in her design. The remaining ships were delayed due to budget cuts, and then following the London Naval Treaty of 1930 the Royal Navy decided its cruiser needs were best met by building a greater number of yet smaller cruisers with 6in guns.

GAME NOTE: 

The York Class CA will also benefit from a 50% bonus to its defense factor when attacked by any Axis air units.

@@40 QE Class BB

The Queen Elizabeth-class battleships were a group of five super-dreadnoughts built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s and were the first battleships to be armed with 15-inch (381 mm) guns, and were described in the 1919 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships as "the most successful type of capital ship yet designed."

By the Second World War, the class were showing their age. Barham and Malaya, the least-modernized of the class, were at a disadvantage compared to modern battleships. In spite of this, Malaya prevented an attack on a transatlantic convoy by the modern German battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau by her presence.

Queen Elizabeth, Warspite, and Valiant, the more modernised of the class, fared better. With her modern fire control equipment, Warspite scored a hit on an Italian battleship during the Battle of Calabria at a range of more than 26,000 yards, one of the longest range naval artillery hits in history.

On 17 June, 1943, Valiant departed Scapa Flow for Gibraltar along with the Nelson, Rodney and Warspite, joining Force H on arrival to particpate in Operation Husky. Between 2 and 3 September, Valiant and Warspite covered the attack across the Strait of Messina and bombed the Italian coastal batteries at Reggio. 

GAME NOTE: 

The "QE Class BB" can generate Heavy Shells by pressing on the 'k' key when the unit is active.

@@41 S-Class

The S-class submarines of the Royal Navy were originally designed and built during the modernisation of the submarine force in the early 1930s to meet the need for smaller boats to patrol the restricted waters of the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, replacing the British H-class submarines. 

As part of the major naval construction for the Royal Navy during the Second World War, the S class became the single largest group of submarines ever built for the Royal Navy.

A total of 62 were constructed over a period of 15 years, with fifty of the "improved" S class being launched between 1940 and 1945. The submarines operated in the waters around the United Kingdom and in the Mediterranean, and later in the Far East after being fitted with extra tankage.

GAME NOTE: 

The S-Class can fire torpedoes ('u' key) at adjacent enemy vessels.

@@42 Illustrious Class CV

The Illustrious class was a class of aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy that included some of the most important British warships in the Second World War. They were laid down in the late 1930s as part of the rearmament of British forces in response to the emerging threats of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan.

The Illustrious class comprised four vessels: HM Ships Illustrious, Formidable, Victorious and Indomitable. The last of these was built to a modified design with a second, half-length, hangar deck below the main hangar deck. 

Each of these ships played a prominent part in the battles of the Second World War. Victorious took part in the pursuit of the German battleship Bismarck, Illustrious and Formidable played prominent parts in the battles in the Mediterranean during 1940 and 1941 and all three took part in the large actions of the British Pacific Fleet in 1945.

GAME NOTE: 

The Illustrious Class CV benefits from a 50% bonus to its defense factor when attacked by any Axis air units and can use its radar ('k' key) to search for enemy aircraft within 6 tiles of its location.

It can carry Seafire Mk.II and Fairey Barracuda type aircraft though it only has a maximum carrying capacity of 2 air units at a time.

@@43 Seafire Mk.II

The Supermarine Seafire was a naval version of the Supermarine Spitfire adapted for operation from aircraft carriers. It was analogous in concept to the Hawker Sea Hurricane, a navalised version of the Spitfire's stablemate, the Hawker Hurricane. The name Seafire was derived from the abbreviation of the longer name Sea Spitfire.

In November 1942, the first combat use of the Seafire occurred during Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa, from the decks of several escort and fleet carriers; unusually, Seafires flew with American star markings during the operation, these were removed following their withdrawal from the theatre. 

In July 1943, the Seafire was used to provide air cover for the Allied invasion of Sicily; and reprised this role in September 1943 during the subsequent Allied invasion of Italy, being used to maintain continuous air cover of the beachheads, the type being almost entirely responsible for this task. 

@@44 Fairey Barracuda

The Fairey Barracuda was a British carrier-borne torpedo and dive bomber designed by Fairey Aviation. It was the first aircraft of this type operated by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) to be fabricated entirely from metal and was developed as a replacement for the Fairey Albacore biplanes.

During July 1943, the Barracuda first saw action with 810 Squadron aboard HMS Illustrious off the coast of Norway; shortly thereafter, the squadron was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to support the landings at Salerno, a critical element of the Allied invasion of Italy.

GAME NOTE: 

In a given turn, the Barracuda can choose to generate either a light bombload (keypress 'k') or a torpedo (keypress 'u') munition. It also has the option to attack enemy units with its own inherent attack factor.

@@45 Liberty ship

Liberty ships were a class of cargo ship built in the United States during World War II under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program. Though British in concept, the design was adopted by the United States for its simple, low-cost construction. Mass-produced on an unprecedented scale, the Liberty ship came to symbolize U.S. wartime industrial output.

The class was developed to meet British orders for transports to replace ships that had been lost. Eighteen American shipyards built 2,710 Liberty ships between 1941 and 1945 (an average of three ships every two days), easily the largest number of ships ever produced to a single design.

Their production mirrored (albeit on a much larger scale) the manufacture of "Hog Islander" and similar standardized ship types during World War I. The immensity of the effort, the number of ships built, the role of female workers in their construction, and the survival of some far longer than their original five-year design life combine to make them the subject of much continued interest.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Liberty Ship for more details)

@@46 Landing Craft

Landing craft are small and medium seagoing watercraft, such as boats and barges, used to convey a landing force (infantry and vehicles) from the sea to the shore during an amphibious assault. The term excludes landing ships, which are larger. 

Production of landing craft peaked during World War II, with a significant number of different designs produced in large quantities by the United Kingdom and United States.

In the run-up to WWII, many specialized landing craft, both for infantry and vehicles, were developed. At the start of World War II, the Japanese led the world in landing craft design.

A further development was the Landing Ship, Tank designation, built to support amphibious operations by carrying significant quantities of vehicles, cargo, and landing troops directly onto an unimproved shore. 

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Landing Craft for more details)

@@47 Beachhead

Beachead units serve as minor 'ports' in the game. An Allied 'Liberty Ship' can only unload its cargo ashore in one of two manners: either directly inside a city port or unto a beach town tile when located on a 'Beachhead' unit. 

They may only be created on 'BH' ocean tiles by converting a Landing Craft unit into a 'Beachhead' unit. To do so, simply move the Landing Craft to an available BH ocean tile and press on the 'k' key. 

This will have the affect of permanently removing the Landing Craft unit from the game and placing a 'Beachhead' unit on the aforementioned tile. It will also generate a DUKW unit on the same tile (which are required for placing 'Supply Hub' units on the map). 

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Landing Craft and Liberty Ship for more details)

@@48 M8 Greyhound

The M8 light armored car is a 66 armored car produced by the Ford Motor Company during World War II. It was used from 1943 by United States and British forces in Europe and the Pacific until the end of the war.

In British service, the M8 was known as the "Greyhound", a service name seldom, if ever, used by the US. The British Army found it too lightly armored, particularly the hull floor, which anti-tank mines could easily penetrate (the crews' solution was lining the floor of the crew compartment with sandbags).

Nevertheless, it was produced in large numbers. The M8 Greyhound's excellent road mobility made it a great supportive element in the advancing American and British armored columns. It was marginal cross country, especially in mud.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Reconnaissance units for more details)

@@49 Elite-Jagdgeschwader

The Elite-Jagdgeschwader represent veteran German Luftwaffe fighter units and may only be acquired by the AI player through promotions after being victorious in combat.

Only the Me-109G and FW-190A may be upgraded to be Elite units. If they win a fight they have, respectively, a 40 and 60% chance of receiving a promotion though they do retain any damage they may have sustained during combat. 

As the Allied player, you should endeavour to hunt them down in their weakened states at every opportunity because a healthy veteran Elite-Jagdgeschwader can cause much damage on your air forces.
  
@@50 C.200 Saetta

The Macchi C.200 Saetta (Italian: "Lightning"), or MC.200, was a fighter aircraft developed and manufactured by Aeronautica Macchi in Italy. Various versions were flown by the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force) who used the type throughout the Second World War.

From the time Italy entered the Second World War on 10 June 1940, until the signing of the armistice of 8 September 1943, the C. 200 flew more operational sorties than any other Italian aircraft. 

The Saetta saw operational service in Greece, North Africa, Yugoslavia, across the Mediterranean, and in the Soviet Union (where it obtained an excellent kill to loss ratio of 88 to 15). The plane's very strong all-metal construction and air-cooled engine made the aircraft ideal for conducting ground attack missions; several units flew it as a fighter-bomber. Over 1,000 aircraft had been constructed by the end of the war.

@@51 C.202 Folgore

The Macchi C.202 Folgore (Italian "thunderbolt") was an Italian fighter aircraft developed and manufactured by Macchi Aeronautica. It was operated mainly by the Regia Aeronautica (RA; Royal (Italian) Air Force) in and around the Second World War. The Folgore may have been considered to be one of the best wartime fighters to serve in large numbers with the Regia Aeronautica.

During July 1941, the Folgore went into service with the Regia Aeronautica. In combat, it very quickly proved itself to be an effective and deadly dogfighter against its contemporaries. During its service life, the C.202 was deployed on all fronts in which Italy was involved.

During late 1941, it commenced offensive operations over Malta and in North Africa, where Italian and German forces were engaged in heavy combat against British and later American operations. 

The C.202 continued to be used in North Africa as late as mid-1943, by which point the type was withdrawn to support defensive efforts in Sicily and the Italian mainland following their invasion by Allied forces. It also saw limited use on the Eastern Front. Following the 1943 Armistice with Italy, the type was mostly used as a trainer aircraft. 

@@52 SM.79 Sparviero

The Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero (Italian for sparrowhawk) was a three-engined Italian medium bomber developed and manufactured by aviation company Savoia-Marchetti. It may be the best-known Italian aeroplane of the Second World War. 

The SM.79 was easily recognizable due to its fuselage's distinctive dorsal "hump", and was reportedly well liked by its crews, who nicknamed it il gobbo maledetto ("damned hunchback").

The SM.79 was operated in various capacities during the Second World War, initially being used mainly as a transport aircraft and medium bomber. Following pioneering work by the "Special Aerotorpedoes Unit", Italy put the type to work as a torpedo bomber; in this role, the SM.79 achieved notable successes against Allied shipping in the Mediterranean theatre of the war.

A specialised drone version of the aircraft flown by remote control was also developed, although the Armistice with Italy was enacted prior to any operational deployment. It was the most numerous Italian bomber of the Second World War, with about 1,300 built. 

@@53 Z.1007 Alcione

The CANT Z.1007 Alcione (Kingfisher) was an Italian three-engined medium bomber, with wooden structure. Designed by Filippo Zappata, who also designed the CANT Z.506 it had "excellent flying characteristics and good stability" and was regarded by some as "the best Italian bomber of World War II" although its wooden structure was easily damaged by the climate, as experienced in North Africa and in Russia. 

It was used by the Italian Regia Aeronautica, Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force, Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana and Luftwaffe during World War II.

At the date of the Armistice, seventy-two of the 147 bombers still in the hands of Regia Aeronautica were CANT Z.1007s. The largest groups were in Perugia (22 aircraft) and in the Aegean sea (19 aircraft). 

Three days after the armistice, on 11 September, the CANT Z.1007s that were in Perugia, joined by eight more, took off for the base of Alghero in Sardinia, losing two of their number to German flak. On 16 September these bombers attacked German vessels that were carrying troops and equipment from Sardinia to Corsica, and one more aircraft was lost to flak.

@@54 P-40 Warhawk

The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk was an American single-engined, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground-attack aircraft that first flew in 1938.

The Warhawk was used by most Allied powers during World War II, and remained in frontline service until the end of the war. It was the third most-produced American fighter of World War II, after the P-51 and P-47; by November 1944, when production of the P-40 ceased, 13,738 had been built all at Curtiss-Wright Corporation's main production facilities in Buffalo, New York.

The P-40's liquid-cooled, supercharged Allison V-1710 V-12 engine's lack of a two-speed supercharger made it inferior to Luftwaffe fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109 or the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in high-altitude combat and it was rarely used in operations in Northwest Europe. 

However, between 1941 and 1944, the P-40 played a critical role with Allied air forces in three major theaters: North Africa, the Southwest Pacific, and China. It also had a significant role in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Alaska and Italy. 

@@55 P-38 Lightning

The Lockheed P-38 Lightning was an American single-seat, twin piston-engined fighter aircraft that was used during World War II. Developed for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) by the Lockheed Corporation, the P-38 incorporated a distinctive twin-boom design with a central nacelle containing the cockpit and armament. 

The P-38 was used most successfully in the Pacific and the China-Burma-India Theaters of Operations as the aircraft of America's top aces, Richard Bong (40 victories), Thomas McGuire (38 victories), and Charles H. MacDonald (27 victories).

Early results in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations were mixed. Some P-38 pilots scored multiple kills to become aces, while many others were shot down due to inexperience or tactical strictures. Overall, the P-38 suffered its highest losses in the Mediterranean Theater. 

The primary function of the P-38 in North Africa was to escort bombers, but the fighters also targeted transport aircraft, and later in the campaign, they were sometimes tasked with ground-attack missions. When tied to bomber-escort duties, the P-38 squadrons were vulnerable to attack from above by German fighters, who selected the most advantageous position and timing. 

The Mediterranean Theater had the first aerial combat between German fighters and P-38s. German fighter pilot appraisal of the P-38 was mixed. Some observers dismissed the P-38 as an easy kill, while others gave it high praise, a deadly enemy worthy of respect. Johannes Steinhoff, commander of JG 77 in North Africa, said that the unit's old Bf 109s were "perhaps, a little faster" than the P-38, but a dogfight with the twin-engined fighter was daunting because its turning radius was much smaller, and it could quickly get on the tail of the Bf 109 and said: "One cardinal rule we never forgot was to avoid fighting the P-38 head on. That was suicide".

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Reconnaissance units for more details)

@@56 P-51D Mustang

The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II and the Korean War, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in April 1940 by a team headed by James H. Kindelberger of North American Aviation (NAA) in response to a requirement of the British Purchasing Commission.

The aircraft was first flown operationally by the RAF as a tactical-reconnaissance aircraft and fighter-bomber (Mustang Mk I). Replacing the Allison with a Rolls-Royce Merlin two-stage supercharged engine resulted in the P-51B/C (Mustang Mk III) model, and transformed the aircraft's performance at altitudes above 15,000 ft (4,600 m) (without sacrificing range),[6] allowing it to compete with the Luftwaffe's fighters. 

The definitive version, the P-51D, was powered by the Packard V-1650-7, a license-built version of the two-speed, two-stage-supercharged Merlin 66, and was armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) AN/M2 Browning machine guns.

From late 1943, P-51Bs and P-51Cs (supplemented by P-51Ds from mid-1944) were used by the USAAF's Eighth Air Force to escort bombers in raids over Germany, while the RAF's Second Tactical Air Force and the USAAF's Ninth Air Force used the Merlin-powered Mustangs as fighter-bombers, roles in which the Mustang helped ensure Allied air superiority in 1944. 

The P-51 was also used by Allied air forces in the North African, Mediterranean, Italian, and Pacific theaters. During World War II, Mustang pilots claimed to have destroyed 4,950 enemy aircraft.

@@57 A-36 Apache

The North American A-36 (listed in some sources as "Apache" or "Invader", but generally called Mustang) was the ground-attack/dive bomber version of the North American P-51 Mustang, from which it could be distinguished by the presence of rectangular, slatted dive brakes above and below the wings. A total of 500 A-36 dive bombers served in the Mediterranean and Southeast Asia theaters during World War II.

By late May 1943, 300 A-36As had been deployed to the Mediterranean Theater, with many of the first batch sent to the 27th FBG to re-build the group following losses as well as completing the final transition to an all-A-36A unit. 

Both groups were actively involved in air support during the Sicilian campaign, becoming especially adept at "mopping up" enemy gun positions and other strong points as the Allies advanced. During this operation, the 27th FBG circulated a petition to adopt the name "Invader" for their rugged little bomber, receiving unofficial recognition of the more fitting name. 

As fighting intensified in all theaters where the A-36A operated, the dive bomber began to suffer an alarming loss rate with 177 falling to enemy action. The main reason for the attrition was the hazardous missions that placed the A-36A "on the deck" facing murderous ground fire. German defenses in southern Italy included placing cables across hill tops to snare the attacking A-36As.

By June 1944, A-36As in Europe were increasingly replaced by Curtiss P-40s and Republic P-47 Thunderbolts.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Fighter-Bombers for more details)

@@58 B-24 Liberator

The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was an American heavy bomber, designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, California.

At its inception, the B-24 was a modern design featuring a highly efficient shoulder-mounted, high aspect ratio Davis wing. The wing gave the Liberator a high cruise speed, long range and the ability to carry a heavy bomb load. In comparison with its contemporaries, the B-24 was relatively difficult to fly and had poor low-speed performance; it also had a lower ceiling and was less robust than the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.

While aircrews tended to prefer the B-17, General Staff favored the B-24 and procured it in huge numbers for a wide variety of roles.[3][4] At approximately 18,500 units including 8,685 manufactured by Ford Motor Company it holds records as the world's most produced bomber, heavy bomber, multi-engine aircraft, and American military aircraft in history.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)

@@59 B-25 Mitchell

The North American B-25 Mitchell is an American medium bomber that was introduced in 1941 and named in honor of Brigadier General William "Billy" Mitchell, a pioneer of U.S. military aviation.

Used by many Allied air forces, the B-25 served in every theater of World War II, and after the war ended, many remained in service, operating across four decades. Produced in numerous variants, nearly 10,000 B-25s were built. 

The aircraft took part in the campaigns in North Africa, the invasion of Sicily, and the advance up Italy. In the Strait of Messina to the Aegean Sea, the B-25 conducted sea sweeps as part of the coastal air forces. 

In Italy, the B-25 was used in the ground attack role, concentrating on attacks against road and rail links in Italy, Austria, and the Balkans. The B-25 had a longer range than the Douglas A-20 Havoc and Douglas A-26 Invader, allowing it to reach further into occupied Europe. 

The five bombardment groups 20 squadrons of the Ninth and Twelfth Air Forces that used the B-25 in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations were the only U.S. units to employ the B-25 in Europe.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)

@@60 B-26 Marauder

The Martin B-26 Marauder is an American twin-engined medium bomber that saw extensive service during World War II. The B-26 was built at two locations: Baltimore, Maryland, and Omaha, Nebraska, by the Glenn L. Martin Company.

First used in the Pacific Theater of World War II in early 1942, it was also used in the Mediterranean Theater and in Western Europe.

Three Bombardment Groups were allocated to support the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942. They were initially used to carry out low-level attacks against heavily defended targets, incurring heavy losses with poor results, before switching to medium level attacks. 

By the end of the North African Campaign, the three B-26 groups had flown 1,587 sorties, losing 80 aircraft. This was double the loss rate of the B-25, which also flew 70% more sorties with fewer aircraft. Despite this, the B-26 continued in service with the Twelfth Air Force, supporting the Allied advance through Sicily, Italy and southern France.

In total, 5,288 were produced between February 1941 and March 1945.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)

@@61 B-17 Fortress

The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was a four-engined heavy bomber developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). 

Fast and high-flying for a bomber of its era, the B-17 was used primarily in the European Theater of Operations and dropped more bombs than any other aircraft during World War II. It is the third-most produced bomber of all time, behind the four-engined Consolidated B-24 Liberator and the multirole, twin-engined Junkers Ju 88.

The B-17 saw early action in the Pacific War, where it conducted raids against Japanese shipping and airfields. 

But it was primarily employed by the USAAF in the daylight strategic bombing campaign over Europe, complementing RAF Bomber Command's night-time area bombing of German industrial, military and civilian targets. Of the roughly 1.5 million tons of bombs dropped on Nazi Germany and its occupied territories by U.S. aircraft, over 640 000 tons (42.6%) were dropped from B-17s.

In total, 12,731 were produced between 1936 and 1945.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)

@@62 C-47 Dakota

The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota (RAF designation) was a military transport aircraft developed from the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II. During the war the C-47 was used for troop transport, cargo, paratrooper, for towing gliders and military cargo parachute drops. 

In Europe, the C-47 and a specialized paratroop variant, the C-53 Skytrooper, were used in vast numbers in the later stages of the war, particularly to tow gliders and drop paratroops. 

During the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, C-47s dropped 4,381 Allied paratroops. More than 10,000 paratroops were dropped by C-47s during the first few days of the D-Day campaign also known as the invasion of Normandy, France, in June 1944.

In total, 10,174 were produced.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: C-47 Dakota for more details)

@@63 Beaufighter Mk.VI

The Bristol Type 156 Beaufighter (often called the Beau) is a British multi-role aircraft developed during the Second World War by the Bristol Aeroplane Company. It was originally conceived as a heavy fighter variant of the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber.

In total, 5,928 were produced between 1940 and 1946.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Reconnaissance units for more details)

@@64 Kittyhawk

The Kittyhawk was the final development of the monoplane Curtiss Hawk fighters and during World War Two provided the RAF with valuable reinforcements in the Middle East at a time when British resources were overstretched.

Over three-thousand Kittyhawks were delivered to Commonwealth Air Forces. First introduced into service in January 1942 a conversion programme began six months later to allow them to carry bombs.

Known as the Warhawk in United States Service the British re-named the early P-40A, B, and C models Tomahawks. In an effort to continue production the manufacturers fitted a more powerful Allison engine into a re-designed cowling and concentrated the gun armament in the wings; the resulting P-40D Warhawk was renamed Kittyhawk I by the British.

@@65 Spitfire Mk.IX

The British Supermarine Spitfire was facing several challenges by mid-1942. The debut of the formidable Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in late 1941 had caused problems for RAF fighter squadrons flying the latest Spitfire Mk Vb.

In the early months of 1942, with the clear superiority of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 over the Spitfire Mk Vb, there was much pressure to get Spitfires into production using the new two-stage supercharged Merlin 61 engine. 

The Air Ministry made the decision that Mk Vc airframes should be converted to take the more powerful engine and, as a result, many of the early Mk IXs were converted Mk Vcs which did not have any of the refinements which later appeared.

The results were that the performance of the Spitfire IX were outstandingly better than the Spitfire V especially at heights above 20,000 feet.

@@66 Hurricane IIc

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Fighter-Bombers for more details)

@@67 Martin Baltimore

The Martin 187 Baltimore was a twin-engined light attack bomber built by the Glenn L. Martin Company in the United States as the A-30. 

The model was originally ordered by the French in May 1940 as a follow-up to the earlier Martin Maryland, then in service in France. With the fall of France, the production series was diverted to Great Britain and after mid-1941, supplied by the U.S. as Lend Lease equipment.

The Baltimore was used intensively in the Italian campaign to clear the road to Rome for advancing Allied forces after the capitulation of Italy in 1943. After the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces an Italian-manned squadron, the 28th Bomber Wing, was equipped with ex-RAF Baltimores, becoming the co-belligerent Stormo Baltimore.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)

@@68 Vickers Wellington

The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber. The Wellington was used as a night bomber in the early years of the Second World War, performing as one of the principal bombers used by Bomber Command. 

During 1943, it started to be superseded as a bomber by the larger four-engined "heavies" such as the Avro Lancaster. The Wellington continued to serve throughout the war in other duties, particularly as an anti-submarine aircraft.

While the Wellington was superseded in the European Theatre as more four engined bombers arrived in service, it remained in operational service for much of the war in the Middle East and still formed a key part of the RAF's Mediterranean forces as the allies moved into Italy, with some still serving in March 1945 carrying out bombing raids and dropping supplies to partisans across Southern Europe.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)
 
@@69 Boston III

The Douglas A-20 Havoc (company designation DB-7) was an American medium bomber, attack aircraft, night intruder, night fighter, and reconnaissance aircraft of World War II. In most British Commonwealth air forces, the bomber variants were known as Boston, while the night fighter and intruder variants were named Havoc.

The Boston III was the first to operate with the RAF as a light bomber. They were supplied to squadrons in the United Kingdom and Middle East (later moved to bases in Italy) replacing Bristol Blenheims.

Following the German surrender in Tunisia, the A-20s moved to bases in Italy, Corsica, France, and then back to Italy in January 1945.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Bombers for more details)
 
@@70 Sunderland III

The Short S.25 Sunderland was a British flying boat patrol bomber, developed and constructed by Short Brothers for the Royal Air Force (RAF).

At the outbreak of the Second World War, on 3 September 1939, 39 Sunderlands were in service with the RAF. Although British anti-submarine efforts were disorganised and ineffectual at first, Sunderlands quickly proved useful in the rescue of the crews from torpedoed ships.

The Sunderland was one of the most powerful and widely used flying boats throughout the Second World War.

Sunderlands also played a major role in the Mediterranean theatre, performing maritime reconnaissance flights and logistical support missions.

GAME NOTE:  

The Sunderland III has two additional abilities, i.e. it can use it's radar ('k' key) to search for enemy naval units within 5 tiles of its location or fire a light bombload ('u' key) at adjacent enemy vessels.

@@71 Waco Glider

The Waco CG-4 was the most widely used American troop/cargo military glider of World War II. It was designated the CG-4A by the United States Army Air Forces.

The glider was designed by the Waco Aircraft Company. Flight testing began in May 1942. More than 13,900 CG-4As were eventually delivered.

CG-4As went into operation in July 1943 during the Allied invasion of Sicily. They were flown 450 miles across the Mediterranean from North Africa for the night-time assaults such as Operation Ladbroke. Inexperience and poor conditions contributed to the heavy losses.

Although not the intention of the Army Air Forces, gliders were generally considered expendable by high-ranking European theater officers and combat personnel and were abandoned or destroyed after landing. 

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Waco Glider for more details)

@@72 Gen. Patton

George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 - December 21, 1945) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the Seventh United States Army in the Mediterranean Theater of World War II, and the Third United States Army in France and Germany after the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.

For Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, Patton was to command the Seventh United States Army, dubbed the Western Task Force, in landings at Gela, Scoglitti and Licata to support landings by General Sir Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army. 

Patton's I Armored Corps was officially redesignated the Seventh Army just before his force of 90,000 landed before dawn on D-Day, July 10, 1943, on beaches near the town of Licata. The armada was hampered by wind and weather, but despite this the three U.S. infantry divisions involved, the 3rd, 1st, and 45th, secured their respective beaches. They then repulsed counterattacks at Gela, where Patton personally led his troops against German reinforcements from the Hermann Gring Division.

Initially ordered to protect the British forces' left flank, Patton was granted permission by Alexander to take Palermo after Montgomery's forces became bogged down on the road to Messina.

By the end of the battle, the 200,000-man Seventh Army had suffered 7,500 casualties, and killed or captured 113,000 Axis troops and destroyed 3,500 vehicles.

Two high-profile incidents of Patton striking subordinates during the Sicily campaign attracted national controversy following the end of the campaign. 

Criticism of Patton in the United States was harsh, and included members of Congress and former generals, Pershing among them. The views of the general public remained mixed on the matter, and eventually Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson stated that Patton must be retained as a commander because of the need for his "aggressive, winning leadership in the bitter battles which are to come before final victory."

In any case, Patton would not command a force in combat for another 11 months.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Generals for more details)

@@73 Gen. Clark

Mark Wayne Clark (May 1, 1896 - April 17, 1984) was a United States Army officer who saw service during World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. He was the youngest four-star general in the US Army during World War II.

During World War II, he commanded the United States Fifth Army, and later the 15th Army Group, in the Italian campaign. He is known for leading the Fifth Army when it captured Rome in June 1944, around the same time as the Normandy landings.

Clark has been heavily criticized for ignoring the orders of his superior officer, British General Sir Harold Alexander, commanding the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI), and for allowing the German 10th Army to slip away, in his drive to take Rome, the capital of Italy but not strategically important.

In December 1944 Clark succeeded Alexander as commander of the AAI, renamed the 15th Army Group, and Alexander was made the Supreme Commander of the AFHQ in the Mediterranean, replacing Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, who himself was called to Washington to replace Field Marshal Sir John Dill as head of the British Joint Chiefs of Staff.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Generals for more details)

@@74 Gen. Truscott

General Lucian King Truscott Jr. (January 9, 1895 - September 12, 1965) was a highly decorated senior United States Army officer, who saw distinguished active service during World War II. 

Between 1943-1945, he successively commanded the 3rd Infantry Division, VI Corps, Fifteenth Army and Fifth Army, serving mainly in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) during his wartime service.

On 2 September 1944, Truscott was promoted to the three-star rank of lieutenant general and in October he was appointed commander of the newly formed Fifteenth Army, which was largely an administrative and training command.

Truscott's next command came in December 1944. He was promoted to command of the U.S. Fifth Army in Italy when its commander Lieutenant General Mark Clark was made commander of the Allied 15th Army Group, formerly the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI). 

Truscott led the Fifth Army through the hard winter of 1944-1945, where many of its formations were in exposed positions in the mountains of Italy. He then led the army through the Allied Spring 1945 offensive in Italy culminating in the final destruction of the German forces in Italy.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Generals for more details)

@@75 DUKW

The DUKW (GMC type nomenclature, colloquially known as Duck) was a six-wheel-drive amphibious modification of the 2+1/2-ton CCKW trucks used by the U.S. military during World War II and the Korean War.

Designed by a partnership under military auspices of Sparkman & Stephens and General Motors Corporation (GMC), the DUKW was used for the transportation of goods and troops over land and water. 

Excelling at approaching and crossing beaches in amphibious warfare attacks, it was intended only to last long enough to meet the demands of combat.

DUKWs were initially sent to Guadalcanal in the Pacific theater, but were used by an invasion force for the first time in the European theater, during the Sicilian invasion, Operation Husky, in the Mediterranean.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: DUKW for more details)

@@76 Armored Infantry

The mission of the infantry arm of the division as envisioned in 1940 was to follow armored attacks, and to secure ground as it was overrun by tanks. At night and at halts, the infantry was expected to establish outposts, conduct local patrols and otherwise provide security for the tanks of the division. The force was mounted in either wheeled scout cars, or rode in 2 1/2 ton trucks.

@@77 M5 Stuart

The M3 Stuart/Light Tank M3, was an American light tank of World War II. An improved version of the tank entered service as the M5 in 1942 to be supplied to British and other Commonwealth forces under lend-lease prior to the entry of the U.S. into the war. Afterwards, it was used by U.S. and Allied forces until the end of the war.

Stuarts were first used in combat in the North African campaign; about 170 were used by the British forces in Operation Crusader (18 November - 30 December 1941).
 
Stuarts were the first American-crewed tanks in World War II to engage the enemy in tank versus tank combat when used in the Philippines in December 1941 against the Japanese. Outside of the Pacific War, in later years of WWII the M3 was used for reconnaissance and screening.

One of the more successful uses of the M5 in combat came during the Battle of Anzio when breaking through German forces surrounding the beachhead. The tactics called for an initial breakthrough by a medium tank company to destroy the heavier defenses, followed by an infantry battalion who would attack the German troops who were being left behind the medium tanks. 

Since many hidden fortifications and positions would have survived the initial medium tank assault, the infantry would then be confronted by any remaining fortified German troops. Behind the infantry came the M5s of a light tank company, who would attack these positions when directed to by the Infantry, usually by the use of green smoke grenades

@@78 M4A1 Sherman

The M4 Sherman, officially Medium Tank, M4, was the most widely used medium tank by the United States and Western Allies in World War II. The M4 Sherman proved to be reliable, relatively cheap to produce, and available in great numbers. 

It was also the basis of several other armored fighting vehicles including self-propelled artillery, tank destroyers, and armored recovery vehicles. Tens of thousands were distributed through the Lend-Lease program to the British Commonwealth and Soviet Union.

The first U.S. Shermans in battle were M4s and M4A1s in Operation Torch the following month. On 6 December, near Tebourba, Tunisia, a platoon from the 2nd Battalion, 13th Armored Regiment was lost to enemy tanks and anti-tank guns.

The Sherman had good speed both on and off-road. Off-road performance varied. In the desert, the Sherman's rubber-block tracks performed well, while in the confined, hilly terrain of Italy, the smaller, more nimble Sherman could often cross terrain that some heavy German tanks could not. 

The M4 and M4A1 were the main types in U.S. units until the fall of 1944 when the Army began replacing them with the preferred M4A3 with its more powerful 500 hp (370 kW) engine. Some M4s and M4A1s continued in U.S. service for the rest of the war.

@@79 M4A3 76(W) Sherman

GAME NOTE: 

The M4A3 76(W) Sherman receives a 25% attack bonus when engaging enemy tank or bunker/kasematte units.

@@80 M10 Wolverine

The M10 tank destroyer was an American tank destroyer of World War II. After US entry into World War II and the formation of the Tank Destroyer Force, a suitable vehicle was needed to equip the new battalions.

The M10 was numerically the most important U.S. tank destroyer of World War II. It combined thin but sloped armor with the M4's reliable drivetrain and a reasonably potent anti-tank gun mounted in an open-topped turret. Despite its obsolescence in the face of newer German tanks like the Panther and the introduction of more powerful and better-designed types as replacements, the M10 remained in service until the end of the war.

American tank destroyer doctrine called for tank destroyers to be kept in reserve and rushed forward to counter massed enemy armored attacks. In reality, this was not the case and M10 battalions were attached, often semi-permanently, to infantry and armored divisions to provide additional direct and indirect fire support. 

Typical missions included providing indirect artillery fire by augmenting divisional artillery units, following and supporting the lead elements of an infantry assault, attacking obstacles such as fortifications and enemy vehicles (including tanks) that hampered the advance of friendly units, and setting up an antitank defense once the objective was secured.

GAME NOTE: 

The M10 tank destroyer receives a 25% attack bonus when engaging enemy tank or bunker/kasematte units.

@@81 Ranger

Major General Lucian Truscott of the U.S. Army was a liaison officer with the British General Staff. In 1942 he submitted a proposal to General George Marshall that an American unit be set up "along the lines of the British Commandos". Five Ranger Battalions would be organized in the European Theatre including the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th; the 6th would be organized in the Pacific Theatre.

On 19 June 1942 the 1st Ranger Battalion was sanctioned, recruited, and began training in Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland. Eighty percent of the original Rangers came from the 34th Infantry Division.

A select fifty or so of the first U.S. Rangers were dispersed through the British Commandos for the Dieppe Raid in August 1942; these were the first American soldiers to see ground combat in the European theater.

Together with the ensuing 3rd and 4th Ranger Battalions they fought in North Africa and Italy commanded by Colonel William Orlando Darby until the Battle of Cisterna (29 January 1944) when most of the Rangers of the 1st and 3rd Battalions were captured. Of the 767 men in the battalions 761 were killed or captured. 

The remaining Rangers were absorbed into the Canadian-American First Special Service Force under Brigadier General Robert T. Frederick. They were then instrumental in operations in and around the Anzio beachhead that followed Operation Shingle.

GAME NOTE: 

Commandos/Gurkhas/Ranger units are not affected by stacking limits

@@82 82nd Airborne

The 82nd Airborne Division was an airborne infantry division of the United States Army specializing in parachute assault operations.

In April 1943, after several months of tough training, its troopers deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, under the command of Major General Ridgway to take part in the campaign to invade Sicily. The division's first two combat operations were parachute assaults into Sicily on 9 July and Salerno on 13 September 1943. 

The initial assault on Sicily, by the 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team, under Colonel Gavin, was the first regimental-sized combat parachute assault conducted by the United States Army. 

GAME NOTE: 

The 82nd Airborne are the only American units which may 'perform' paradrops. To do so, they must be loaded (aka put to 'Sleep') on Waco Glider units and parachuted to their destination tile by using the 'p' key.

@@83 M1 57mm AT.

The 57 mm M1 was an American anti-tank cannon derived from the British 6-pounder cannon. Firing a small-diametre round at high velocity, the 57 mm M1 offered good close-range penetration values, but suffered at long-range combat.

Despite its improved performance, the 57 mm M1 was not eagerly taken by the US forces. Most complaints stem from its weight increase, from the 910 lb. 37 mm gun to the 2,100 lb. 57 mm gun. As such, the Infantry, Airborne, and Cavalry all initially rejected it. It was not until US experience in North Africa that showed the desperate need of better anti-tank power that the 57 mm was begrudgingly accepted into service in the Spring of 1943.

The 57 mm M1 first saw usage in the Italian campaign, serving alongside its preceding 37 mm counterpart due to the ongoing transition in equipment in 1943.[3] It was not until the Normandy campaign that the 57 mm M1 saw more widespread usage, even among the Airborne after the British designed a light-weight variant to fit into gliders.

GAME NOTE: 

The M1 57mm AT. receives a 100% defense bonus when attacked by enemy tank units.

@@84 M7 105mm HMC

The 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M7 was an American self-propelled gun vehicle produced during World War II. It was given the official service name 105 mm Self Propelled Gun, Priest by the British Army, due to the pulpit-like machine gun ring, and following on from the Bishop and the contemporary Deacon self-propelled guns.

A total of 3,489 M7s and 826 M7B1s were built. They proved to be reliable weapons, continuing to see front-line service in the US and other armies well past the end of World War II.

GAME NOTE: 

The M7 105mm HMC can fire one 105mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@85 M12 155mm HMC

The 155 mm Gun Motor Carriage M12 was a U.S. self-propelled gun developed during the Second World War. It mounted a 155 mm gun derived from the French Canon de 155mm GPF field gun.

GAME NOTE: 

The M12 155mm HMC can fire one 155mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@86 US Bofors 40mm AA

The Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 (often referred to simply as the "Bofors 40 mm gun", the "Bofors gun" and the like,[3][4] see name) is an anti-aircraft autocannon, designed in the 1930s by the Swedish arms manufacturer AB Bofors.

It entered the export market around 1932[5] and was in service with 18 countries by 1939. Throughout World War II it became one of the most popular and widespread medium-weight anti-aircraft guns. It was used by the majority of the western Allies and some Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Hungary.

In order to supply both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy with much greater numbers of the guns, Chrysler built 60,000 of the guns and 120,000 barrels through the war, at half the original projected cost, and filling the Army's needs by 1943. Over the lifetime of the production, their engineers introduced numerous changes to improve mass production, eventually halving the overall time needed to build a gun.

GAME NOTE: 

The Bofors 40mm AA can fire one Light Flak Shells ('k' key) at enemy air units within 2 tiles.

@@87 M2A1 105mm Art.

The M2A1 howitzer was an artillery piece developed and used by the United States. It was the standard U.S. light field howitzer in World War II and saw action in both the European and Pacific theaters and during the Korean War. 

Entering production in 1941, it quickly gained a reputation for accuracy and a powerful punch. The M2A1 fired 105 mm high explosive (HE) semi-fixed ammunition and has a range of 12,330 yards (11,270 m), making it suitable for supporting infantry.

GAME NOTE: 

The M2A1 105mm Art. can fire one 105mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@88 M1 155mm Art.

The 155 mm gun M1 was a 155 millimeter caliber field gun developed and used by the United States military. Nicknamed "Long Tom" (an appellation with a long and storied history in U.S. field and naval artillery), it was produced in M1 and M2 variants, later known as the M59. 

Developed to replace the Canon de 155mm GPF, the gun was deployed as a heavy field weapon during World War II and the Korean War, and also classed as secondary armament for seacoast defense. The gun could fire a 100 lb (45 kg) shell to a maximum range of 14 mi (23 km), with an estimated accuracy life of 1,500 rounds.

GAME NOTE: 

The M1 155mm Art. can fire one 155mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@89 US Truck

The US Truck can carry any 2 non-motorized infantry/artillery type units and 'resupply' any damaged american ground unit or FF armored units.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: UK & US Trucks for more details)

@@90 Gen. Montgomery

Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, KG, GCB, DSO, PC, DL (17 November 1887 - 24 March 1976), nicknamed "Monty" and "The Spartan General", was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War, the Irish War of Independence and the Second World War.

Montgomery considered the initial plans for the Allied invasion of Sicily, which had been agreed in principle by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander Allied Forces Headquarters, and General Alexander, the 15th Army Group commander, to be unworkable because of the dispersion of effort. He managed to have the plans recast to concentrate the Allied forces, having Lieutenant General George Patton's US Seventh Army land in the Gulf of Gela (on the Eighth Army's left flank, which landed around Syracuse in the south-east of Sicily) rather than near Palermo in the west and north of Sicily.

During late 1943, Montgomery continued to command the Eighth Army during the landings on the mainland of Italy itself, beginning with Operation Baytown. In conjunction with the Anglo-American landings at Salerno (near Naples) by Lieutenant General Mark Clark's US Fifth Army and seaborne landings by British paratroops in the heel of Italy (including the key port of Taranto, where they disembarked without resistance directly into the port), Montgomery led the Eighth Army up the toe of Italy.

Montgomery abhorred what he considered to be a lack of coordination, a dispersion of effort, a strategic muddle and a lack of opportunism in the Allied effort in Italy, and he said that he was glad to leave the "dog's breakfast" on 23 December 1943. 

Having returned to Britain in January 1944, he was assigned to command the 21st Army Group consisting of all Allied ground forces participating in Operation Overlord.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Generals for more details)

@@91 Gen. Leese

Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver William Hargreaves Leese, 3rd Baronet, KCB, CBE, DSO (27 October 1894 - 22 January 1978) was a senior British Army officer who saw distinguished active service during both the world wars. He commanded XXX Corps in North Africa and Sicily, serving under General Sir Bernard Montgomery, before going on to command the Eighth Army in the Italian Campaign throughout most of 1944.

After a short rest, XXX Corps then took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily in July-August 1943 before returning to the UK, to prepare for Allied invasion of Northwest Europe. A year after being promoted to the acting rank of lieutenant-general, his rank was made temporary lieutenant-general in September.

On 24 December 1943, however, Leese was ordered to Italy to succeed Montgomery as the Eighth Army commander. By the time of Leese's arrival, he discovered that the Eighth Army had reached its first enforced halt. It and Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's U.S. Fifth Army (both of which formed the 15th Army Group under General Sir Harold Alexander) had bogged down in front of the German Winter Line. Other than a minor action in mid-January 1944, his army remained static until May 1944. This allowed him the time and opportunity to get to know the men and formations under his control.

In May 1944, after witnessing Clark's Fifth Army engage in numerous attempts to break through the Winter Line, he directed his army during the fourth and final battle of Monte Cassino. He then directed his army during Operation Olive, an assault on the Gothic Line later in the year. Despite being a victory it nevertheless fell short of expectations and did not bring an early end to the fighting in Italy.

In late September 1944, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Eleventh Army Group, based in India and directing operations in Burma, although he was not able to assume command until November by which time it had been renamed Allied Land Forces, South-East Asia (ALFSEA).

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Generals for more details)

@@92 British PIAT

The Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank (PIAT) Mk I was a British man-portable anti-tank weapon developed during the Second World War. The PIAT was designed in 1942 in response to the British Army's need for a more effective infantry anti-tank weapon and entered service in 1943.

The PIAT was based on the spigot mortar system, and projected (launched) a 2.5 pound (1.1 kg) shaped charge bomb using a cartridge in the tail of the projectile. It possessed an effective range of approximately 115 yards (105 m) in a direct fire anti-tank role, and 350 yards (320 m)[3] in an indirect fire role.

The PIAT was first used during the Tunisian campaign in 1943, and remained in use with British and other Commonwealth forces until the early 1950s.

GAME NOTE:

Bazooka/PIAT units receives a 200% bonus whe attacking Bunkers or Kasematte

@@93 British MG

Battalions based around the machine gun were established as part of the mobilisation of the British Army in the mid to late 1930s. They were formed under the same principles as the Brigade Machine Gun Companies of the Great War, which eventually became the Machine Gun Corps. 

The theory was that Medium Machine Guns were best as part of a Divisional or Brigade asset and the Infantry Battalion would have lighter weapons, with few exceptions (for example, Chindits, Airlanding Battalions, and Parachute Battalions).

They were first called Infantry (Machine Gun) Battalions, then Machine Gun Battalions and finally the Divisional (Machine Gun) Battalion.

@@94 Daimler AC

The Daimler Armoured Car was a successful British armoured car design of the Second World War that continued in service into the 1950s. It was designed for armed reconnaissance and liaison purposes.

The Daimler had full independent suspension and four wheel drive. Epicyclic gearing in the wheel hubs enabled a very low ratio in bottom gear it was credited with managing 1:2 inclines. The rugged nature combined with reliability made it ideal for reconnaissance and escort work.

It was armed with a 2pdr gun and 7.92mm coaxial machine gun.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Reconnaissance units for more details)

@@95 Sherman IIa (Bde)

During the Second World War the British Army deployed armoured divisions and independent armoured and tank brigades.

The two basic armoured brigades at the start of the war were the light armoured brigade and the heavy armoured brigade.

The light armoured brigade was to be composed of three light armoured regiments each consisting of 22 light cruisers, 36 light tanks, 24 officers, and 492 other ranks. 

The heavy armoured brigade, laid out the same as the light armoured brigade, had 157 tanks, with each regiment made up of 26 light cruisers, 15 heavy cruisers, 8 close support tanks, 30 officers and 573 other ranks. 

The early 1942 Brigade Groups were organised on two bases: those equipped with American tanks and those equipped with a mixture of American and British. The American equipped regiments, totalling 44 tanks, were organised as such: four M3 Stuarts allocated to the regimental headquarters, which controlled three sabre squadrons; one squadron of four troops of four Stuarts and a headquarters with a further four Stuarts, and two squadrons composed of M3 Grants each consisting of three troops of three tanks and a squadron headquarters of a further three Grants.

The mixed regiments were laid out the same except with one squadron made up of Grants and two squadrons made up of Crusader tanks bringing the total to 48 tanks; 36 Crusaders, and 12 Grants. 

@@96 Churchill Mk.IV

The Tank, Infantry, Mk IV (A22) Churchill was a British infantry tank used in the Second World War, best known for its heavy armour, large longitudinal chassis with all-around tracks with multiple bogies, its ability to climb steep slopes, and its use as the basis of many specialist vehicles. It was one of the heaviest Allied tanks of the war.

The origins of the Churchill's design lay in the expectation that war in Europe might be fought in conditions similar to those of the First World War, and thus emphasised the ability to cross difficult ground.

The Churchill was used by British and other Commonwealth forces during the North African, Italian and North-West Europe campaigns. In addition, 344 Churchills were sent as military aid to the Soviet Union during the Second World War and more than 250 saw active service on the Eastern Front.

Churchill tanks were not initially used in the Italian mainland in 1943. There were six regiments with Churchills in Tunisia, these may have been kept out because Montgomery preferred the Sherman or because their 6-pdr guns were not considered suitable for the fighting in Italy. 

Churchills did land in Italy in April/May 1944 with 75mm gun armed Churchills arriving later. As the mainstay of the Tank Brigades, which operated in support of the infantry, Churchill units were in operation more often than other tank units.

@@97 Sherman VC Firefly

The Sherman Firefly was a tank used by the United Kingdom and some other Allied armoured formations in the Second World War. It was based on the US M4 Sherman, but was fitted with the more powerful 3-inch (76.2 mm) calibre British 17-pounder anti-tank gun as its main weapon. Originally conceived as a stopgap until future British tank designs came into service, the Sherman Firefly became the most common vehicle mounting the 17-pounder in the war.

During the war, the British Army made extensive use of Sherman tanks. Though they expected to have their own tank models developed soon, the previously rejected idea of mounting the 17-pounder in the Sherman was eventually accepted, despite initial government resistance. This proved fortunate, as both the Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger and Cruiser Mk VIII Cromwell tank designs experienced difficulties and delays.

Although the Normandy campaign had priority, Fireflies also served with distinction in British, Commonwealth and Polish units in the Italian campaign. British units in Italy also used the Sherman with the US 76 mm gun M1.

GAME NOTE: 

The Firefly will benefit from a 25% attack bonus when engaging enemy tank or bunker/kasematte units.

@@98 UK Truck

The UK Truck can carry any 2 non-motorized infantry/artillery type units and 'resupply' any damaged British ground unit or CW armored units.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: UK & US Trucks for more details)

@@99 Commandos

The Commandos, also known as the British Commandos, were formed during the Second World War in June 1940, following a request from Winston Churchill, for special forces that could carry out raids against German-occupied Europe. 

Initially drawn from within the British Army from soldiers who volunteered for the Special Service Brigade, the Commandos' ranks would eventually be filled by members of all branches of the British Armed Forces and a number of foreign volunteers from German-occupied countries. By the end of the war 25,000 men had passed through the Commando course at Achnacarry.

In May 1943 a Special Service Brigade comprising No. 2, No. 3, No. 40 (RM), and No. 41 (RM) Commandos was sent to the Mediterranean to take part in the Allied invasion of Sicily. The two Royal Marines Commandos were the first into action, landing ahead of the main force. The 2nd Special Service Brigade serving in the Italian campaign was joined in November 1943 by the Belgian and Polish Troops of No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando.

GAME NOTE: 

Commandos/Gurkhas/Ranger units are not affected by stacking limits

@@100 1st Airborne

The 1st Airborne Division was an airborne infantry division of the British Army during the Second World War. The division was formed in late 1941, after the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, demanded an airborne force, and was initially under command of Major-General Frederick A. M. "Boy" Browning. 

The division took part in two brigade sized operations in Sicily, and an amphibious assault at Taranto in Italy. During the fighting in Italy, Major General Ernest Down became the divisional commander, after his predecessor, Major General Hopkinson, died of wounds received in the fighting. 

After service in the Mediterranean, the division returned to England in December 1943, leaving the 2nd Parachute Brigade behind as an independent formation.

GAME NOTE: 

The 1st Airborne are the only British units which may 'perform' paradrops. To do so, they must be loaded (aka put to 'Sleep') on Waco Glider units and parachuted to their destination tile by using the 'p' key.

@@101 6 pdr AT.

The Ordnance Quick-Firing 6-pounder 7 cwt, or just 6-pounder, was a British 57 mm gun, serving during the Second World War as a primary anti-tank gun of both the British and United States Army (as the 57 mm Gun M1). It was also used as the main armament for a number of armoured fighting vehicles.

Although designed before the start of the war, it did not reach service until the North African Campaign in April 1942. There, it replaced the 2-pounder as an anti-tank gun, allowing the 25-pounder gun-howitzer to revert to its intended artillery role.

The 6-pounder first saw action in May 1942 at the Battle of Gazala. It made an immediate impact on the battlefield as it was able to penetrate any enemy tank then in service. In the most celebrated action, the 6-pounder guns of 2nd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade (together with part of 239 Anti-Tank Battery Royal Artillery under command), destroyed more than 15 Axis tanks in the action at Outpost Snipe during the Second Battle of El Alamein. 

Over the next year, the Germans introduced much heavier tanks into service, notably the Tiger I and Panther. The standard 6-pounder shot was ineffective against the front armour at any range but proved effective on the less armoured sides and rear.

GAME NOTE: 

The 6 pdr AT. receives a 100% defense bonus when attacked by enemy tank units.

@@102 British Motor Troops

The Motor Battalion provided Armoured Brigades with infantry that were immediately available separate from the Armoured Division's main infantry contingent. 

They essentially allowed Armoured Brigades to operate with an infantry component that roughly matched the tank units in terms of mobility.

The Motor Company was the primary maneuver element of the Motor Battalion, with one Motor Battalion allocated as mechanized infantry for Armoured Brigades. 

These differed from the Rifle Companies within the Armoured Division's Infantry Brigade, which were simply standard Rifle Companies that were motorized with 3-ton lorries from the divisional RASC Transport Platoon (earlier in the war referred to as Lorried Infantry). The Motor Battalion was fully organically motorized, while the Rifle Battalions were externally motorized.

@@103 Sherman IIa

The British received far more M4 medium tanks, 17,181 (roughly 34% of all M4s produced), than any other Allied nation. 

The British practice of naming American tanks after American Civil War generals was continued, giving it the name Sherman after Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. The US later adopted the name and the practice of naming tanks after generals and initially used the full name "General Sherman".

In the British naming system, the major variants were identified by Mark numbers, the M4 being "Sherman I", the M4A1 "Sherman II" and so on. Letters after the mark number denoted modifications to the base model.

@@104 Bishop 25pdr

@@105 UK Bofors 40mm AA

The Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60 (often referred to simply as the "Bofors 40 mm gun", the "Bofors gun" and the like,[3][4] see name) is an anti-aircraft autocannon, designed in the 1930s by the Swedish arms manufacturer AB Bofors.

It entered the export market around 1932[5] and was in service with 18 countries by 1939. Throughout World War II it became one of the most popular and widespread medium-weight anti-aircraft guns. It was used by the majority of the western Allies and some Axis powers such as Nazi Germany and Hungary.

The British Army had first examined the weapon in 1937, when it received a number of Polish-built examples for testing. They were known as the "QF 40 mm Mark I" (QF standing for "quick firing"). With a minor change to the flash hider, they were designated "Mark I/2". A production licence was acquired, and the gun was converted from metric to imperial measurements. Numerous changes were made to the design so that it was more suitable for mass production, because the original Bofors design was intended to be hand-assembled.

GAME NOTE: 

The Bofors 40mm AA can fire one Light Flak Shells ('k' key) at enemy air units within 2 tiles.

@@106 25 pdr MKII Art.

The Ordnance QF 25-pounder, or more simply 25-pounder or 25-pdr, with a calibre of 3.45 inches (87.6 mm), was one of the most outstanding field artillery piece used by British and Commonwealth forces in the Second World War, being durable, easy to operate and versatile. It was the major British field gun and howitzer during the War.

It was introduced into service just before the War started, and combined both high-angle and direct-fire abilities, a relatively high rate of fire, and a reasonably lethal shell, with a highly mobile piece. Initial production was slow but, by 1945, over 12,000 had been manufactured.

GAME NOTE: 

The 25 pdr MKII Art. can fire one 105mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@107 5.5 inch Art.

The BL 5.5-inch gun was a British artillery gun introduced during the middle of the Second World War to equip medium batteries.

The 5.5 inch gun fired a 100-pound (45 kg) shell, using four charges in two cartridges to give a maximum range table muzzle velocity of 1,675 feet per second (511 m/s) and a maximum range of 16,200 yards (14,800 m).

GAME NOTE: 

The 5.5 inch Art. can fire one 155mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@108 Fanteria Motorizzata

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

These same units, depending on the organization or nation, could further be motorized or mechanized.

@@109 M13/40

The Carro Armato M13/40 was an Italian World War II tank designed to replace the M11/39 in the Italian Army at the start of World War II. 

It was the primary tank used by the Italians throughout the war. The design was influenced by the British Vickers 6-Ton and was based on the modified chassis of the earlier M11/39.

Production of the M11/39 was cut short in order to get the M13/40 into production. The name refers to "M" for Medio (medium) according to the Italian tank weight standards at the time, 13 tonnes was the scheduled weight and 1940 the initial year of production.

@@110 Semovente 75/18

The Semovente da 75/18 was an Italian self-propelled gun of the Second World War. It was built by mounting the 75 mm Obice da 75/18 modello 34 mountain gun on the chassis of a M13/40, M14/41 or M15/42 tank.

The Semovente da 75/18s were deployed in the North African campaign and during the Allied invasion of Sicily, alongside M tank units to provide additional firepower. 

Despite the fact that they were not designed to fight other tanks, their 75 mm howitzer proved ideal (thanks to its low muzzle velocity) for firing HEAT shells; its 5.2 kg HEAT shell ("Effetto Pronto" in Italian) could pierce 80 mm of armour at 500 meters, and could thus defeat tanks such as the US built M3 Grant and M4 Sherman used by the British Army.

As such, these machines were responsible for many of the successes by the Italian armoured troops during 194243, when the medium tanks (which were all armed with a 47 mm M35 gun) were no longer effective.

@@111 AB 41

The Autoblindo 40, 41 and 43 (abbreviated AB 40, 41 and 43) were Italian armoured cars produced by Fiat-Ansaldo and which saw service mainly during World War II. Most autoblinde were armed with a 20 mm Breda 35 autocannon and a coaxial 8 mm machine gun in a turret similar to the one fitted to the Fiat L6/40, and another hull mounted rear-facing 8 mm machine gun.

During World War II, the AB 41 operated in North Africa, Yugoslavia, Italy, Hungary, and on the Eastern Front. Italy issued the AB 41 only to cavalry, Italian Africa Police (PAI) and Bersaglieri units. 

The AB 41 was also organized into reconnaissance battalions (or cavalry groups) of three or four companies each. Each armoured car company consisted of three armoured car platoons of four armoured cars each, one armoured car for the company commander, and one armoured car for the company HQ (Headquarters) totalling 42 or 56 AB 41s in all. Each fully equipped independent armoured car company proved highly suitable for reconnaissance, escort and security duties

@@112 20/65 AA.

The Breda 20/65 mod.35 ("Breda 20 mm L/65 model 1935"), was an Italian 20 mm (0.787 in) anti-aircraft gun produced by the Societa Italiana Ernesto Breda of Brescia company during the 1930s and early 1940s which saw heavy usage during the Spanish Civil War and World War II.

Designed as a dual purpose weapon for use against both aircraft and ground targets, it was effective against light tanks, with the armour-piercing round being able to penetrate 30 millimeters of armour at a range of 500 meters. It had a two-wheeled trailer, but due to its structural weakness that limited the towing speed to 20 km/h, the weapon was usually transported on a truck bed instead.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "Light Flak" shell in the same location of each 20/65 Flak Gun that begins its turn next to an Allied air unit. 

@@113 75/46 AA.

The Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34 was a mobile Italian anti-aircraft gun used during World War II. The designation means it had a caliber of 75 mm, the barrel was 46 caliber-lengths long and it was accepted in service in 1934.

As production was both late in starting and slow in being carried out, by 1942 only 226 of the 240 ordered had been delivered. This meant that older, obsolete AA guns had to be kept in service even though their efficacy was minimal, and also that its production continued in parallel with the newer and better performing Cannone da 90/53. 

Assigned both to field units and to batteries protecting the Italian territory, it was also used on the Eastern front and in the Tunisian Campaign as an anti-tank gun (in which capacity it was also fitted to the Semovente da 75/46 self-propelled gun). Its performance was considered good in both roles, especially in the latter, with its AP shell that could pierce 90 millimetres (3.5 in) of armor at 500 metres (550 yd)), but it was never available in numbers.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "Heavy Flak" shell in the same location of each 75/46 Flak Gun that begins its turn within 2 tiles of an Allied air unit. 

In addition, the gun will also benefit from a 25% bonus to its defense factor when attacked by any Allied tank unit.

@@114 75/27 Art.

The Cannone da 75/27 modello 11 was a French-designed field gun produced in Italy prior to World War I. It was introduced in 1912, designed by Joseph-Albert Deport. It was taken into service by Italy for use with its Alpine and cavalry troops going into World War I, and was built there in large numbers. 

The gun was used by the Italian army throughout World War I and remained on strength well into World War II. Many pieces even saw service with German forces fighting in Northern Italy from 1943 until the end of the war, as the 7.5 cm Feldkanone 244(i).

@@115 105/28 Art.

The Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider was a French artillery piece used in World War I and World War II by many European countries.

In the early 1900s, the French company Schneider began a collaboration with the Russian company Putilov. For this collaboration, it had developed a gun using the Russian 107 mm round, which was ordered by the Russian Army to be produced in Russia (though the initial batch of guns was made in France). Schneider then decided to modify the design for the French 105 mm (4.134 inches) round and offer it to France as well. 

After the end of World War I, France sold or gave many Schneider 105 mm guns to various other countries, including Belgium, Italy, Poland, and Yugoslavia. In Italy, the 105 mm was re-designated the Cannone da 105/28 and saw service until 1943. Guns were also produced under license in Italy, starting from September 1914, by Ansaldo.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "105mm Shell" in the same location of a 105/28 Art. gun unit, at the beginning of any turn, where an Allied ground unit is within 1 tile of the artillery piece.

@@116 149/40 Art.

The Cannone da 149/40 was a heavy gun which served with Italy during World War II. It was intended to replace the obsolete Cannone da 149/35 A, but the small numbers produced prevented that. 

By 1940 orders had been placed for 590, but only 51 were in service at the end of September 1941. Weapons captured by the Germans after the Italian surrender in 1943 were put into service as the 15 cm K 408(i).

It was a good design despite the odd decision to use trail spade plates that had to be pounded into the ground to anchor the gun in place. Normally it was broken down into two loads for transport, but it could be further broken down into four loads for mountainous terrain.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "155mm Shell" in the same location of a 149/40 Art. gun unit, at the beginning of any turn, where an Allied ground unit is within 2 tiles of the artillery piece.

@@117 Cdn Mot. Inf.

See "Cdn Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@118 Cdn Sherman III

See "Cdn Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@119 Cdn M7 105mm

See "Cdn Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@120 Cdn Motor Troops

See "Cdn Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@121 Cdn Infantry

Canadas longest Second World War army campaign was in Italy. Canadian forces served in the heat, snow and mud of the grinding, nearly two-year Allied battle across Sicily and up the Italian peninsula prying the country from Germany's grip.

Canada's Italian campaign started on 10 July, 1943 when the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade began Operation Husky the seaborne invasion of the island of Sicily and would end when the I Canadian Corps started withdrawing from Italy in February 1945 to rejoin the First Canadian Army in northwest Europe. The Italian campaign ended in the spring of 1945, with Germany's eventual surrender. 

The Canadians who had slogged their way through Italy from south to north since 1943 would not see victory there, participating instead in the liberation of the Netherlands, and the eventual invasion and defeat of Germany itself.

Total Canadian casualties in Italy were 408 officers and 4,991 non-commissioned men killed. A further 1,218 officers and 18,268 men were wounded and 62 officers and 942 men were captured. Another 365 died of other causes. Of the 92,757 Canadians who served in Italy, 26,254 became casualties there. 

@@122 Radar Station

The Radar Station(s) are used to detect enemy aircraft within 10 tiles of their locations.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Concept: Radars for more details)

@@123 Kstenbatterie

The Germans made extensive use of coastal batteries all along the multiple shore lines of occupied Europe to protect  whatever they deemd as vital or strategic locations.

The batteries used various artillery sizes from the massive naval guns emplacements in Norway and France to 155mm artillery pieces.

GAME NOTE: 

The Kstenbatterie can fire two 155mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@124 Krupp K5

The K5 was the result of a crash program launched in the 1930s to develop a force of railway guns to support the Wehrmacht by 1939. K5 development began in 1934 with first testing following in 1936 at Darlowo in the former Farther Pomerania at the South coast of the Baltic Sea. Initial tests were done with a 150 mm barrel under the designation K5M.

Production led to eight guns being in service for the invasion of France, although problems were encountered with barrel splitting and rectified with changes to the rifling. The guns were then reliable until the end of the war, under the designation K5 Tiefzug 7 mm. Three were installed on the English Channel coast and were intended to target British shipping in the Channel, but proved unsuccessful.

Two K5 guns, named Robert and Leopold by German crews, were shipped to Italy to help counter the Allied landing at the town of Anzio in February 1944. The Allied soldiers stuck on the beach nicknamed the two German guns "Anzio Annie" and "Anzio Express" due to the express train-like sound the shells generated. On 18 May 1944 the guns fired off their remaining ammunition and then escaped along the coastal railroad into the rail yard in Civitavecchia, in preparation for evacuation. This proved impossible and the guns were destroyed by their crews.

GAME NOTE: 

The AI will auto-generate one "Heavy Shell" in the same tile of a K5 gun unit, at the beginning of any turn, where an Allied ground unit is within 3 tiles of the artillery piece.

@@125 Pontoon Bridge

Pontoon bridges may only be built by Engineer units and are designed to convert rvierbed tiles to rvier crossings thereby allowing your mechanized type units to enter those locations.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Engineers - Build pontoon bridges on riverbeds for more details)

@@126 SA Mot. Inf

The 6th South African Armoured Division was the second armoured division of the South African Army and was formed during World War II. 

Established in early 1943, it was based on a nucleus of men from the former 1st South African Infantry Division who had returned to South Africa after the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942. 

The division was initially transferred to Egypt for training, after which it served in the Allied campaign in Italy during 1944 and 1945. In Italy, the division was initially deployed as part of the British Eighth Army, under command of Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese, and was then transferred to the U.S. Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, for the remainder of the Italian Campaign. 

The division operated as a strongly reinforced division and was frequently used to spearhead the advance of the Corps and Army to which it was attached.

@@127 SA Sherman III

See "SA Mot. Inf." Civilopedia entry

@@128 SA Sexton

See "SA Mot. Inf." Civilopedia entry

GAME NOTE:

The "SA Sexton" can generate at least one 105mm Shell in a given turn by pressing on the 'k' key when the unit is active.

@@129 SA Motor Troops

See "SA Mot. Inf." Civilopedia entry

@@130 Braz. 1st Inf.

The Brazilian Expeditionary Force, nicknamed Cobras Fumantes (literally "the Smoking Snakes"), was a military division of the Brazilian Army and Air Force that fought as part of Allied forces in the Mediterranean Theatre of World War II. It numbered around 25,900 men, including a full infantry division, liaison flight, and fighter squadron.

Placed under United States command, Brazilian troops fought primarily in the liberation of Italy from September 1944 to May 1945, while the Brazilian Navy and Air Force took part in the Battle of the Atlantic from mid-1942 until the end of the war.

The FEB operated mostly at the platoon level,[3] seeing heavy combat at the arduous Gothic Line and during the 1945 final offensive. By the end of the war, it took 20,573 Axis prisoners, including two generals and close to 900 officers. The division lost 948 men killed in action across all three services.

@@131 Gurkhas

On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Gurkha soldiers of the British Indian Army were immediately deployed in service of the British War effort.

Gurkha soldiers saw service in three main combat theatres:  North Africa, Italy and the Far East. Gurkhas fought as part of the British 8th Army in North Africa, against Italian and German troops, suffering heavy losses at battles such as Tobruk, where2nd Battalion of the 7th Gurkha Rifles was captured.

After the final defeat of Italian and German forces in North Africa in 1943, Gurkha troops remained a key component of the Allied forces deployed in the liberation of Italy from 1943 until 1945. The 43rd Gurkha Lorried Brigade, composed of the 2nd Battalions of the 6th, 8th and 10th Gurkha Rifles, fought alongside the 4th, 8th and 10th Indian Infantry Divisions and reached some of the furthest-north points of the Italian Campaign before the German surrender in May 1945. 

During the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944, the 1st Battalion of the 9th Gurkha Rifles managed to reach the walls of the Monte Cassino Monastery itself, holding out nearby for 9 days before being forced to withdraw due to lack of supplies.

GAME NOTE: 

Commandos/Gurkhas/Ranger units are not affected by stacking limits

@@132 Indian Infantry

The Indian Army during World War II, a British force also referred to as the British Indian Army, began the war, in 1939, numbering just under 200,000 men.[2] By the end of the war, it had become the largest volunteer army in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in August 1945. Serving in divisions of infantry, armour and a fledgling airborne force, they fought on three continents in Africa, Europe and Asia.

India contributed the third largest Allied contingent in the Italian campaign after US and British forces. The 4th, 8th and 10th Divisions and 43rd Gurkha Infantry Brigade led the advance, notably at the gruelling Battle of Monte Cassino. They fought on the Gothic Line in 1944 and 1945.

In October 1943, the 8th Indian Division fighting on the Adriatic front reached the Barbara Line which was breached in early November. The 8th Division led the assault on the German defensive Bernhardt Line, crossed the Sangro River and advanced to just short of Pescara where Eighth Army halted to wait for better weather in the spring.

The 4th Indian Division took part in the second battle of Monte Cassino, In the final fourth battle of Monte Cassino on 11 May, on the Eighth Army front, XIII Corps had made two strongly opposed night crossings of the Rapido by the British 4th Division and 8th Indian Infantry Division. By 18 May, the Germans had withdrawn to their next line.

In the 1945 spring offensive, the critical role of getting across the Senio, honeycombed with defensive tunnels and bunkers front and rear, was given to the 8th Indian Division, reprising the role they played crossing the Rapido in the final Battle of Monte Cassino. On 29 April 1945, the Germans signed an instrument of surrender; hostilities in Italy formally ceased on 2 May.

@@133 4th Indian Div 

The 4th Indian Infantry Division, also known as the Red Eagle Division, is an infantry division of the Indian Army. This division of the British Indian Army was formed in Egypt in 1939 during the Second World War. During this time, it took part in campaigns in East Africa (Eritrea and Sudan), Syria, North Africa and Italy.

In January 1944, the division moved to Italy (joined by the re-constituted 11th Brigade), where it took part in the Italian Campaign. It fought in the second Battle of Monte Cassino and suffered many casualties.

In March 1944, the division took part in the advance from Cassino after the fourth battle in May 1944 to the Trasimene Line in Central Italy and then the Gothic Line. In November 1944, the division was shipped to Greece to help stabilise the country after the Axis withdrawal.

According to author Chand Das, during the Second World War, the "division captured 150,000 prisoners and suffered 25,000 casualties, more than the strength of a whole division. It won over 1,000 honours and awards which included four Victoria Crosses and three George Crosses".

@@134 Indian 25 pdr Art.

The Ordnance QF 25-pounder, or more simply 25-pounder or 25-pdr, with a calibre of 3.45 inches (87.6 mm), was one of the most outstanding field artillery piece used by British and Commonwealth forces in the Second World War, being durable, easy to operate and versatile. It was the major British field gun and howitzer during the War.

GAME NOTE:

The "Indian 25 pdr Art." can generate at least one 105mm Shell in a given turn by pressing on the 'k' key when the unit is active.

@@135 Polish Infantry

The Polish II Corps , 1943-1947, was a major tactical and operational unit of the Polish Armed Forces in the West during World War II. It was commanded by Lieutenant General Wladyslaw Anders and fought with distinction in the Italian Campaign, in particular at the Battle of Monte Cassino. By the end of 1945, the corps had grown to well over 100,000 soldiers.   

Victims of Soviet deportations from occupied Poland in 1939-40 had been processed by the NKVD and sent to prison or exile in Siberia. The Nazi-Soviet pact of August 1939 effectively ended on 22 June 1941 when the German Wehrmacht invaded the USSR. The release of many thousands of former citizens of Poland (including Ukrainians and Belarusians) from the Soviet Gulags, following the signing of the Polish-Russian Military Agreement on 14 August 1941, allowed for the creation of a Polish Army on Soviet soil.

The Polish II Corps was created in 1943 from various units fighting alongside the Allies in all theatres of war. The 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division was formed in the Middle East from smaller Polish units fighting in Egypt and Tobruk, as well as the Polish Army in the East that was evacuated from the Soviet Union through the Persian Corridor. Its creation was based on the British Allied Forces Act 1940, which allowed the Allied units of the exiled government of Poland to be grouped in one theatre of war.

In February 1944, the Polish II Corps was transferred from Egypt to Italy, where it became an independent part of the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese. During 1944-45, the Corps fought with distinction in the Italian campaign, during the fourth and final Battle of Monte Cassino in May 1944, the Battle of Ancona during Operation Olive (the fighting on the Gothic Line in September 1944), and the Battle of Bologna during the final offensive in Italy in March 1945.

During the Italian Campaign, the Polish II Corps lost 11,379 men. Among them were 2,301 killed in action, 8,543 wounded in action and 535 missing in action.

@@136 Polish Sherman III

See "Polish Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@137 Polish 25 pdr Art.

See "Polish Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@138 Infanterie Coloniale

See "Free French Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@139 Goumier Marocain

See "Free French Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@140 Tirailleur Algrien

See "Free French Infantry" Civilopedia entry

@@141 Free French Infantry

The French Expeditionary Corps (French: Corps Expditionnaire Franais, CEF), also known as the French Expeditionary Corps in Italy (French: Corps Expditionaire Franais en Italie, CEFI), was an expeditionary force of the French Liberation Army. 

Created in 1943, the corps fought in the Italian Campaign of World War II, under the command of General Alphonse Juin. Consisting of 112,000 men divided into four divisions, all but one of the divisions were colonial units, mostly Moroccans and Algerians drawn from the Army of Africa and led by French officers. Overall the Expeditionary Corps was composed of approximately 60 % of colonial troops.

The corps distinguished itself in battles, sweeping across mountain ranges with astonishing speed and efficiency, however that success was tarnished by the large numbers of looting, rape and murder committed on the local Italian population. 

In August 1944 the corps was withdrawn and absorbed into the French First Army under General de Lattre de Tassigny for the invasion of Southern France.

@@142 Free French 105 Art.

The M2A1 howitzer was an artillery piece developed and used by the United States. It was the standard U.S. light field howitzer in World War II and saw action in both the European and Pacific theaters and during the Korean War. 

Entering production in 1941, it quickly gained a reputation for accuracy and a powerful punch. The M2A1 fired 105 mm high explosive (HE) semi-fixed ammunition and has a range of 12,330 yards (11,270 m), making it suitable for supporting infantry.

GAME NOTE: 

The Free French 105 Art. can fire one 105mm Shells ('k' key) at enemy ground or naval units within 2 tiles.

@@143 Free French M10

The Free French received at least 227 M10s, 155 of them through Lend-Lease. They served first in Italy, then in France and Germany. During the liberation of Paris in August 1944, a single M10 of General Leclerc's 2nd Armored Division named "Siroco" disabled a Panther in the Place de la Concorde from under the Arc de Triomphe on the Place de L'Etoile, at 1800 m. 

French M10s also saw action on the French-German border around Strasbourg and in southern Germany; the Free French First Army led by General De Lattre received some when they were a part of the Sixth United States Army Group. 

French M10s were operated along similar lines as US tank destroyer units, although initially with five vehicles per platoon instead of four.

GAME NOTE: 

The Free French M10 receives a 25% attack bonus when engaging enemy tank or bunker/kasematte units.

@@144 NZ Mot. Inf.

The 2nd New Zealand Division, initially the New Zealand Division, was an infantry division of the New Zealand Military Forces (New Zealand's army) during the Second World War. The division was commanded for most of its existence by Lieutenant-General Bernard C. Freyberg. It fought in Greece, Crete, the Western Desert and Italy.

n late 1943, the division was moved to Italy, taking part in the Eighth Army's campaign on Italy's Adriatic coast, which ground to a halt at the end of the year. 

In early 1944, the division formed the nucleus of the New Zealand Corps, fighting two battles attempting unsuccessfully to penetrate the Gustav Line at Monte Cassino. The division saw further action on the Gothic Line in Italy in 1944 and took part in the Allied 1945 Spring offensive, which led to the surrender of German forces in Italy in May. 

@@145 NZ Sherman III

See "NZ Mot. Inf." Civilopedia entry

@@146 NZ Sexton

See "NZ Mot. Inf." Civilopedia entry

GAME NOTE:

The "NZ Sexton" can generate at least one 105mm Shell in a given turn by pressing on the 'k' key when the unit is active.

@@147 US 442nd Regt

The 442nd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army. The regiment is best known as the most decorated in U.S. military history and as a fighting unit composed almost entirely of second-generation American soldiers of Japanese ancestry (Nisei) who fought in World War II. 

Beginning in 1944, the regiment fought primarily in the European Theatre, in particular Italy, southern France, and Germany. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) was organized on March 23, 1943, in response to the War Department's call for volunteers to form the segregated Japanese American army combat unit. 

More than 12,000 Nisei (second-generation Japanese American) volunteers answered the call. Ultimately 2,686 from Hawaii and 1,500 from mainland U.S. internment camps assembled at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in April 1943 for a year of infantry training. Many of the soldiers from the continental U.S. had families in internment camps while they fought abroad. The unit's motto was "Go for Broke".

GAME NOTE:

The US 442nd Regt possesses the "Decorated" trait which provides an extra +1 AF to any american unit stacked with it.

@@148 Grille H sIG33

The 15 cm sIG 33 (Sf) auf Panzerkampfwagen 38(t), also known as Grille (German: "cricket") was a series of self-propelled artillery vehicles used by Nazi Germany during World War II. The Grille series was based on the Czech Panzer 38(t) tank chassis and used a 15 cm sIG 33 infantry gun.

The first variant of the Grille was based on the Panzer 38(t) Ausf. H chassis,[1] which had its engine in the rear. Instead of a turret the vehicle had a low-slung superstructure and fighting compartment. The 15 cm schweres Infanteriegeschtz 33 (heavy infantry gun) was mounted in the front of this armored compartment. Being built on a tank chassis, its hull armour was 50 mm (front) and its superstructure armour was 25 mm (front).

Both the 'h' and 'k' variants were intended to take service in the schwere Infanteriegeschtz Companies within the Panzergrenadier regiments, inside Panzer and Panzergrenadier Divisions, in their heavy infantry gun units. Each detachment had six available.

@@149 Pzkw IVF

The workhorse of the Nazi war machine, Panzer IV started its long service in 1936 as a fire support tank, equipped with a short-barreled 7.5 cm KwK 37 L/24 howitzer. In this role, Panzer IV would focus on taking out enemy fortifications, anti-tank emplacements, and infantry from a long range, protecting the lighter, faster Panzer III tanks focusing on taking out enemy armor.

Ausf. F was the first truly mass-produced variant of the Panzer IV that entered production in December 1938. The order steadily increased, from 128 tanks to well over 1000 tanks. Although it still mounted the short-barreled 7,5 cm KwK 37 L/24 howitzer, the F was a heavily modified variant, with the base armor thickness increased to 50mm on the front and the sides of the tank, further increased in February 1942 by 20mm of applique steel armor bolted on the front. 

To better accommodate the steadily increasing mass, the Panzer also received widened tracks (400mm). Finally, the radio operator could enjoy an MG 34 in the new ball mount, Kugelblende 50. Only 470 Panzer IVFs were completed before it was succeeded by the

@@150 Pzkw IVH

By 1943, Adolf Hitler and his commanding officers were quite aware of the huge tank losses suffered in the previous years, mostly while fighting in the Soviet Union. In order to hopefully increase the overall production of tanks, at the start of 1943, Adolf Hitler appointed Albert Speer, the German Minister of Armament, to supervise the entire war production.

In March, Generaloberst Heinz Guderian, the Inspector General of the Armored Troops, informed Hitler that the Panzer divisions strength could be reinforced only by focusing on the production of Panzer IV tanks. In addition, he argued that the Panzer IV had to remain in production for the next two years.

The further development of the Panzer IV led to the introduction of the Ausf.H version. There is a common misconception about the difference between it and the previous Ausf.G, which is commonly attributed to the barrel length. In reality, the latter built Ausf.Gs received the same L/48 long gun as employed on the Ausf.H.

The overall armor protection was quite similar to the previous Ausf.G version, with some exceptions, mainly regarding its front and top armor. Previous versions had maximum frontal protection that consisted of a single 50 mm thick face-hardened armor plate. As this was deemed insufficient, additional 30 mm plates were either welded or sometimes even bolted to the frontal hull and superstructure armor plate.

Like many German armored vehicles, from May 1943 onward, the Panzer IV Ausf.H began to receive 5 mm thick skirts, known as Schrzen. Their primary purpose was to provide protection from Soviet anti-tank rifles. The Panzer IV hull was covered by six such skirts on each side. The turret was almost completely covered by these plates, leaving only the front open for the main gun.

@@151 Motorisierte Infanterie

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

These same units, depending on the organization or nation, could further be motorized or mechanized.

@@152 SdkFz 231

The term Schwerer Panzersphwagen (German for 'heavy armoured reconnaissance vehicle'), covers the six- and eight-wheeled armoured cars Germany used during the Second World War.

In the German Army, armoured cars were intended for the traditional cavalry missions of reconnaissance and screening. They scouted ahead and to the flank of advancing mechanized units to assess enemy location, strength and intention. Their primary role was reconnaissance, but they would engage similar or light units and at times attempt to capture enemy patrols. 

The heavy Panzersphwagen was a large but very fast and highly versatile addition to the German Army. The original 6-Rad (six wheel) versions were based on a 6x4 truck with an armoured body, but by 1937 they were being replaced by 8-Rad versions. During the replacement phase, the Sd.Kfz. (Sonderkraftfahrzeug, 'special vehicle') numbers were carried directly over; differentiation was made by the inclusion of 6-Rad or 8-Rad in the vehicle's name.

@@153 Greek Mtn. Bde

The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade was a unit of mountain infantry formed by the Greek government in exile in Egypt during World War II. It was formed from politically reliable right-wing and pro-royalist personnel following a pro-EAM mutiny among the Greek armed forces in Egypt in April 1944. 

Commanded by Colonel Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, it fought in the Battle of Rimini in Italy (under I Canadian Corps), where it earned the honorific title "Rimini Brigade" and against the EAM's Greek People's Liberation Army in the Dekemvriana events in Athens.

@@154 SdkFz 7/2 AA

The Sd.Kfz. 7 was a half-track military vehicle used by the German Army, Luftwaffe and Waffen-SS during the Second World War. Sd.Kfz. is an abbreviation of the German word Sonderkraftfahrzeug, "special purpose vehicle". 

The use of half-tracked prime movers for artillery was common in the German forces but not elsewhere. Compared to wheeled vehicles, half-tracks are more difficult to maintain, they often suffer track breakages, and are slower on roads. However, they have better off-road mobility compared to wheeled vehicles.

The Sd.Kfz. 7 also became the basis of a number of self-propelled anti-aircraft variants based on 20 mm and 37 mm flak types in use. The Sd.Kfz. 7/1 was armed with a 2 cm Flakvierling 38 quadruple anti-aircraft gun system. The Sd.Kfz. 7/2 was armed with a single 3.7 cm FlaK 36 anti-aircraft gun. On many of these variants, the driver's position and the engine cover was armored (8 mm thickness).

@@155 SS SdkFz 7/2 AA

See "SS Mot. Infanterie" Civilopedia entry

@@156 SS Panzergrenadier

See "SS Mot. Infanterie" Civilopedia entry

@@157 SS Panther

See "SS Mot. Infanterie" Civilopedia entry

@@158 SS Hummel

See "SS Mot. Infanterie" Civilopedia entry

@@159 SS Pzkw IV

See "SS Mot. Infanterie" Civilopedia entry

@@160 SS Mot. Infanterie

The Waffen-SS was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's paramilitary Schutzstaffel (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with volunteers and conscripts from both occupied and unoccupied lands.

The Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler (LAH) was sent to Italy to help stabilise the situation there following the deposal of Benito Mussolini by the Badoglio government and the Allied invasion of Sicily, which marked the beginning of the Italian campaign. The division left behind its armour and equipment, which was given to the Das Reich and Totenkopf Divisions. After the Italian surrender and collapse of 8 September 1943, the Leibstandarte was ordered to begin disarming nearby Italian units.

It also had the task of guarding vital road and rail junctions in the north of Italy and was involved in several skirmishes with partisans. This went smoothly, with the exception of a brief skirmish with Italian troops stationed in Parma on 9 September. By 19 September, all Italian forces in the Po River plain had been disarmed.

While the Leibstandarte was operating in the north, the 16th SS Reichsfhrer-SS Division sent a small battlegroup to contain the Anzio landings in January 1944. The 16th Reichsfhrer-SS, conducting anti-partisan operations, is remembered more for the atrocities it perpetrated than its fighting ability; the division committed the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre in August 1944 and the Marzabotto massacre between September and October 1944.

@@161 SS SdkFz 234/2

See "SS Mot. Infanterie" Civilopedia entry

@@162 Jewish Bde

The Jewish Infantry Brigade Group, more commonly known as the Jewish Brigade Group or Jewish Brigade, was a military formation of the British Army in the Second World War. 

It was formed in late 1944 and was recruited among Yishuv Jews from Mandatory Palestine and commanded by Anglo-Jewish officers. It served in the latter stages of the Italian Campaign, and was disbanded in 1946.

@@163 G.I. Regular

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

@@164 US 1st Infantry

The 1st Infantry Division is a combined arms division of the United States Army, and is the oldest continuously serving division in the Regular Army. It has seen continuous service since its organization in 1917 during World War I. It was officially nicknamed "The Big Red One" after its shoulder patch.

In July 1943, the division took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, still under the command of Major General Allen. Lieutenant General George S. Patton, commanding the U.S. Seventh Army, specifically requested the division as part of his forces for the invasion of Sicily. 

It was still assigned to the II Corps. In Sicily, the 1st Division saw heavy action when making amphibious landings opposed by Italian and German tanks at the Battle of Gela. The 1st Division then moved up through the center of Sicily, slogging it out through the mountains.

When that campaign was over, the division returned to England, arriving there on 5 November 1943 to prepare for the eventual invasion of Normandy.

@@165 US 10th Mountain

The 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) is a light infantry division in the United States Army based at Fort Drum, New York. Formerly designated as a mountain warfare unit, the division was the only one of its size in the US military to receive specialized training for fighting in mountainous conditions. 

Originally activated as the 10th Light Division (Alpine) in 1943, the division was redesignated the 10th Mountain Division in 1944 and fought in the mountains of Italy in some of the roughest terrain in World War II. 

By 20 January, all three of the 10th's regiments were on or near the front line between the Serchio Valley and Mt. Belvedere. Preliminary defensive actions in mid-February were followed by Operation Encore, a series of attacks in conjunction with troops of the 1st Brazilian Infantry Division, to dislodge the Germans from their artillery positions in the Northern Apennines on the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions, in order to make possible the Allied advance over the Po Valley.

On 5 May 1945, the division reached Nauders, Austria, just beyond the Reschen Pass, where it made contact with German forces being pushed south by the U.S. Seventh Army. A status quo was maintained until the enemy headquarters involved had completed their surrender to the Seventh. On 6 May, 10th Mountain troops met the 44th Infantry Division of Seventh Army.

@@166 US Bazooka

Bazooka is the common name for a man-portable recoilless anti-tank rocket launcher weapon, widely deployed by the United States Army, especially during World War II. 

Also referred to as the "stovepipe", the innovative bazooka was among the first generation of rocket-propelled anti-tank weapons used in infantry combat. 

Featuring a solid-propellant rocket for propulsion, it allowed for high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge warheads to be delivered against armored vehicles, machine gun nests, and fortified bunkers at ranges beyond that of a standard thrown grenade or mine.

GAME NOTE:

Bazooka/PIAT units receives a 200% bonus whe attacking Bunkers or Kasematte

@@167 M4A1 Sherman (Ind)

Separate tank battalions were military formations used by the United States Army during World War II, especially in the European Theater of Operations. These battalions were temporarily attached to infantry, armored, or airborne divisions according to need, though at least one battalion (745th Tank Battalion) spent the entire war in Europe attached to one division. They were also known as general headquarters ("GHQ") tank battalions.

An important event that helped create many separate tank battalions was an organizational change in armored divisions that occurred in late 1943. Planners decided that the original 1942 armored division model containing six tank battalions was too large. 

The 1943 model slightly reduced the number of tanks and reorganised from six to three tank battalions. As a result, the U.S. Army fielded two different types of armored division during the war: the "heavy" armored division, based on the 1942 structure (which applied to armored divisions already overseas when the change took place, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and the "light" armored division based on the 1944 structure (which would apply to all newer armored divisions, the 4th,14th, 16th, and 20th). 

One of the consequences of this change of organization was that the newer armored divisions lost three tank battalions, all of which were either shifted into incomplete armored divisions, turned into separate battalions, or deactivated.

@@168 British Regular

A typical combat regiment could be categorized into three types, conscripts/green, regular or veteran all of which contributed to it's overall combat efficiency.

A conscripts/green unit would generally have received minimal training and possess no combat experience.

A regular unit would have received at least basic training.

A veteran unit would not only have received basic training, but even some advanced tactics training and participated in one or more battles.

These advantages/disadvantages could also be compensated by the equipment/weapons assigned to the units and the quality of the NCO's and officers.

@@169 Cromwell Mk.VII

The Cromwell tank, officially Tank, Cruiser, Mk VIII, Cromwell (A27M), was one of the series of cruiser tanks fielded by Britain in the Second World War. Named after the English Civil War-era military leader Oliver Cromwell, the Cromwell was the first tank put into service by the British to combine high speed from a powerful, reliable engine (the Rolls-Royce Meteor) and reasonable armour. 

The intended dual-purpose high velocity gun could not be fitted in the turret, so a medium velocity dual purpose gun was fitted instead. Further development of the Cromwell combined with a high velocity gun led to the Comet tank.

@@170 Churchill AVRE

Proposed by a Canadian engineer as a result of experience from the Dieppe Raid, the Assault Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE) was a Churchill Mark III or IV equipped with the "Mortar, Recoiling Spigot, Mark II" (or Petard), a spigot mortar that throws the 230 mm (9.1 in) 40 lb (18 kg) Bomb Demolition Number 1 ("Flying dustbin") with a 28-pound high-explosive warhead. 

The Petard, developed by MD1, was designed for the quick levelling of fortifications. The Petard was reloaded by traversing the turret to point front, slightly to the left, with the barrel directly over the co-driver's sliding hatch. 

@@171 Heavy Shell

GAME NOTE:

Heavy shells can be generated either by the human player's "QE Class BB" by pressing on the 'k' key when the unit is active or auto generated by AI controlled Krupp K5 artillery when Allied units come within their range.

@@172 105mm Shell

GAME NOTE:

105mm shells can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'k' key when they are active:

25pdr MKII Art.
Bishop 25pdr
Cdn Sexton
Free French 105 Art.
Indian 25pdr Art.
Polish 25pdr Art.
M2A1 105mm Art.
M7 105mm HMC
NZ Sexton
SA Sexton

They are also auto generated by the following AI controlled artillery when Allied units come within their range:

10.5cm leFH18
105/28 Art.

@@173 155mm Shell

GAME NOTE:

155mm shells can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'k' key when they are active:

5.5 inch Art.
M1 155mm Art.
M12 155mm HMC

They are also auto generated by the following AI controlled artillery when Allied units come within their range:

149/40 Art.
15cm sIG33
Kstenbatterie

@@174 Light Bombload

GAME NOTE:

Light Bombloads can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'k' key when they are active:

A-36 Apache
Fairey Barracuda
Hurricane IIc
Martin Baltimore
Sunderland III *

Note: The Sunderland must press the 'u' key to generate a light bombload (it uses the 'k' key to activate its radar capability)

@@175 Medium Bombload

GAME NOTE:

Medium Bombloads can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'k' key when they are active:

B-25 Mitchell
B-26 Marauder
Boston III
Vickers Wellington

@@176 Heavy Bombload

GAME NOTE:

Heavy Bombloads can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'k' key when they are active:

B-17 Fortress
B-24 Liberator

@@177 Light Flak

GAME NOTE:

Light Flak can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'k' key when they are active:

UK Bofors 40mm AA
US Bofors 40mm AA  

They are also auto generated by the following AI controlled artillery when Allied air units come within their range:

20/65 AA
3.7 cm Flak 36

@@178 Heavy Flak

GAME NOTE:

Heavy Flak are auto generated by the following AI controlled artillery when Allied air units come within their range:

75/46 AA
8.8 cm Flak 37

@@179 Mortar Shells

GAME NOTE:

Mortar Shells are auto generated by the following AI controlled defensive units when Allied units come within their range:

Fallschirmjger
Widerstandsnest

@@180 Torpedo

GAME NOTE:

Torpedoes can be generated by the following human player's units by pressing on the 'u' key when they are active:

Fairey Barracuda
Tribal Class DD
S-Class Submarines

@@181 Fritz-X

Fritz X was the most common name for a German guided anti-ship glide bomb used during World War II. Fritz X was the world's first precision guided weapon deployed in combat and the first to sink a ship in combat. Fritz X was a nickname used both by Allied and Luftwaffe personnel.

The Fritz X was first deployed on 21 July 1943 in a raid on Augusta harbour in Sicily. A number of additional attacks around Sicily and Messina followed, though no confirmed hits were made and it appears the Allies were unaware that the large bombs being dropped were radio-guided weapons.

On 9 September, the Luftwaffe achieved their greatest success with the weapon. After Pietro Badoglio publicly announced the Italian armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943, the Italian fleet had steamed out from La Spezia and headed to Tunisia. To prevent the ships from falling into Allied hands, six Do 217K-2s from III. Gruppe of KG 100 (III/KG 100) took off, each carrying a single Fritz X. 

The Italian battleship Roma, flagship of the Italian fleet, received two hits and one near miss, and sank after her magazines exploded. 1,393 men, including Admiral Carlo Bergamini, died. Her sister ship, Italia, was also seriously damaged but reached Tunisia.

@@182 Railroad Yard

(see Game Tips: Railroad Yard for more details)

@@183 Docks

(see Game Tips: Docks for more details)

@@184 Oil Tanker (F)

(see Game Tips: Oil Tankers for more details)

@@185 Oil Tanker (E)

(see Game Tips: Oil Tankers for more details)

@@186 Supply Hub

(see Game Concepts: Supply Lines for more details).

@@187 Gen. McCreery

General Sir Richard Loudon McCreery, GCB, KBE, DSO, MC (1 February 1898 - 18 October 1967) was a career soldier of the British Army, who was decorated for leading one of the last cavalry actions in the First World War. 

During the Second World War, he was chief of staff to General Sir Harold Alexander at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein, and later commanded the British Eighth Army, fighting in the Italian campaign from October 1944 until the end of the war, leading it to victory in the final offensive in Italy.

McCreery took over command of the Eighth Army from Lieutenant General Oliver Leese on 31 December 1944, after the failure to break through the Gothic Line. The 1945 spring offensive which followed, conducted jointly by the Eighth Army and the Fifth Army, now commanded by Lucian K. Truscott, another cavalryman, culminated in a 23-day battle which resulted in the surrender of nearly a million German soldiers.

GAME NOTE: 

(see Game Tips: Allied Generals for more details)

@@188 British 52nd Mtn

The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was originally formed as the Lowland Division. 

From May 1942 until June 1944, the 52nd was trained in a mountain warfare capacity, originally for a proposed invasion of Norway. However, the division was never employed in this role. Following June 1944, the 52nd Division was reorganised and trained in airlanding operations.

Several operations were planned for the division, following the successful conclusion of the Normandy Campaign.

As part of Operation Market Garden, the British 1st Airborne Division was given a subsidiary mission of capturing Deelen airfield, on which the 52nd Division would land. Due to the disastrous course of events that unfolded during the Battle of Arnhem, where the 1st Airborne Division was virtually destroyed and lost almost 8,000 men, the 52nd Division was not deployed.

The division would never be used in either of the roles it had trained for, and was transferred to Belgium via sea landing in Ostend at the end of the first week of October, 1944. 

GAME NOTE:

It should have been assigned to Italy given its training in mountain warfare, and therefore the player will be given the opportunity to recruit it, although at a hefty cost in supplies.


@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS

@@TERRAIN_INDEX
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-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-1,			; 
-2,	;	MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@00

@@01

@@02

@@03

@@04

@@05

@@06

@@07

@@08

@@09

@@10

@@11

@@12

@@13

@@14

@@15

@@16

@@17

@@18

@@19

@@20

@@21

@@22

@@23

@@24

@@25

@@26

@@27

@@28

@@29

@@30

@@31

@@32

@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS

@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Monarchy
2,			; Fascism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Anarchy
Anarchy represents not so much a government type as the lack of any stable government. Anarchy occurs when your civilization's government falls, or when you decide to have a Revolution. After a few turns of Anarchy, you can rebuild a new government. Anarchy is similar to Despotism, except that the corruption rate is VERY HIGH. However, no taxes are collected during a period of Anarchy, and no scientific research is conducted.

@@Despotism	
In a Despotism, the ruler has absolute control over his or her subjects, and this control is usually enforced by the military. This system has a tendency to minimize individual freedom, and reduce the efficiency of production efforts. 

* Each unit above the city size costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Despotism has a high rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Despotism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 60%.
* Any terrain square that ordinarily produces three or more of any resource (Food, Shields, or Trade) produces one less.
* Because of Despotism's high rate of corruption, it is almost always an inferior form of government. Try to switch to a Monarchy as soon as possible.

@@Communism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation and race

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes two unhappy citizens content.

Under Fascism, state control of the economy eliminates organized crime. Your cities, therefore, experience no corruption.

* All Spy units produced under Fascism governments are Veterans.
* Under Fascism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%. 

* Fascism is best for large, far-flung empires that need to maintain a large military.
* Use your powerful Spies to steal technology from the capitalist enemies!

@@Democracy
A Democracy is ruled by a president elected by the people. The rulings of the president are subject to review by the Senate, a group of elected representatives who serve the best interests of the citizens. Democracy allows its citizens a higher degree of personal freedom and involvement than any other form of government.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Each unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes two citizens in its home city to become unhappy.

Democracies experience no corruption or waste.

* Tax/Luxury/Science rates can be set to any level desired.
* Under a Democracy, each square that ordinarily produces at least one unit of Trade produces an extra unit of Trade.
* The units and cities of a Democracy are immune to bribery in any form.
* Your senate may force a peaceful solution in a conflict.

* Democracies can produce spectacular amounts of revenue and scientific research. However, because of the severe happiness restrictions on military units, this form of government tends to be viable only for large, advanced civilizations.
* Increasing your Luxury rate and building Improvements and Wonders can help alleviate unhappiness.

@@Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a form of government organized around a central set of beliefs. These beliefs, usually religious in nature, form a rigid guideline for the actions and reactions of both the ruler and the people. In a Fundamentalist society, the people and the rulers are entirely devoted to their beliefs, and are usually willing to die to preserve them.

* Each unit beyond the eighth unit costs one Shield per turn (except Fanatics, which never require maintenance).
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Under Fundamentalism, no citizen is ever unhappy!

Fundamentalism has a very low rate of corruption.

* Under Fundamentalism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Under Fundamentalism, all Science production is HALVED.
* Improvements that normally convert unhappy citizens to content citizens produce "tithes" (money) equivalent to the number of people they would normally convert, and require no maintenance.
* The diplomatic penalties for terrorist acts committed by Diplomats and Spies is reduced.

* Fundamentalism eliminates all happiness problems and provides excellent revenue, although research tends to languish.

@@Monarchy
A Monarchy is ruled by a single person, known as a monarch. The monarch's rule is less absolute than that of a despot, and he or she usually has the acceptance of at least the upper-class. The aristocrats under this system of government have some economic freedom, allowing the civilization to be more productive. 

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Monarchy has a moderate rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Monarchy, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 70%.

* Monarchy is an excellent form of government for a young civilization.

@@Republic
A Republic is an assembly of autonomous city-states under the control of a central government. Although the central government has the ultimate say in matters that affect the society as a whole, the city-states are given a certain amount of latitude in the governing of local affairs. Decisions are made by the ruler, but are subject to review by a group of officials known as the Senate.

* Each unit costs one shield per turn.
* Settlers eat two Food per turn.

Each unit beyond the first unit that is not in a friendly city (or in a Fortress within three squares of a friendly city) causes one citizen in its home city to become unhappy.

Republics experience a low rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Republic, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Your senate may force a peaceful solution in a conflict.

* Switching to a Republic can give an astounding boost to your Science and Luxury revenues, although you will probably be forced to shift some Trade to Luxuries in order to prevent unhappiness.
* Republics make it difficult and expensive to keep a sizable army in the field, but building certain Improvements and Wonders can help to alleviate this problem.

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS

@@Disband
When a friendly unit becomes obsolete, costs too much to maintain, or causes unhappiness among your population, you might want to eliminate the unit. To eliminate a unit, order it to disband by holding down the shift key and pressing "D", or by selecting "Disband" from the Orders menu. Once disbanded, the unit is permanently removed from the game.

When a unit is disbanded inside a friendly city, half of the unit's production cost in Shields is added to the production of whatever unit, Improvement, or Wonder is currently under production in the city.

@@Fortify
Roman legions on campaign halted their march early enough each evening to build a completely fortified camp for the night. They had learned the value of defensive fortifications when under attack. Where possible, it was the standard practice of most armies to build defensive works of some type whenever expecting an attack. Fortified defenders had their fighting strength multiplied, making it much harder to defeat them.

Ground units can be ordered to fortify by pressing the "F" key, or by selecting "Fortify" from the Orders menu. The defensive value of fortified units is increased by 50 percent.

@@Fortress
Once your civilization has discovered Construction, Settlers and Engineers have the ability to construct fortresses. Fortresses can be utilized to defend city perimeters and to block key points of access from enemy armies. A properly manned fortress can provide an effective defense by doubling the defensive strength of all units stationed within. Unlike normal combat, units stacked within a fortress defend and are destroyed one at a time in battle, rather than being destroyed simultaneously. Fortresses themselves do not suffer damage in the attack.

Settlers and Engineers can construct fortresses by pressing the "F" key, or choosing the Build Fortress command from the Orders menu. Units within a fortress have their defensive strengths doubled. Under a Republic, units stationed inside fortresses built within three squares of their home city do not cause unhappiness.

@@Irrigation
When the early farmers moved down from the hills into the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers, they had to develop the technology of irrigation. The freshwater rivers passed through lands essentially barren due to the lack of rainfall. Through irrigation, water could be removed from the rivers and spread on the nearby land, making it suitable for farming.

Irrigation increases Food production in Grasslands, Plains, Deserts, and Hills. Only squares vertically or horizontally adjacent to water (Oceans or Rivers) or another irrigated square can be irrigated. After the discovery of Refrigeration, terrain squares can be double-irrigated to create farmland. Settlers and Engineers can be ordered to irrigate by pressing the "I" key, or by selecting "Build Irrigation" from the Orders menu.

@@Luxuries
The provision of Luxuries for your citizens is indicated by the goblet icons in the Resource Box of the City Display. Each two Luxuries makes one content citizen happy, or one unhappy citizen content. The amount of Luxuries a city produces is mainly determined by the percentage of Trade you have allocated to Luxuries. This can be adjusted using the "Change Tax Rate" command on the Kingdom menu. A city's Luxuries can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, and by converting citizens into Entertainers.

@@Mining
Early civilizations had little difficulty locating nearly pure deposits of useful metals, such as gold, silver, and copper, lying exposed on the Earth's surface. As time passed, the surface deposits were exhausted, and people began digging into the ground to look for more. Mining and excavation for metals and other valuable materials continues today.

Mining increases the Shield production of Deserts and Mountains by one, and increases the Shield production of Hills by 3. Settlers and Engineers can be ordered to dig mines by pressing the "M" key, or by choosing the "Build Mine" command from the Orders menu.

@@Pillage
The terrain improvements built by other civilizations (irrigation, mines, roads, etc.) can be destroyed by moving a unit into the improved terrain square and ordering the unit to pillage. This reduces the production value of the land, and forces your enemy to re-develop the terrain.

Units can be ordered to pillage by holding down the shift key and pressing "P", or by choosing the "Pillage" command from the Orders menu. The unit must be ordered to pillage once for each of the terrain improvements you want to destroy. A fully developed terrain square (farmland with a railroad, for example) must be pillaged four times in order to remove all improvements.

@@Pollution
Pollution is most commonly caused by the excessive production of Shields in a city; however, it may also be caused by large city populations (after the discovery of the Automobile), nuclear attacks, or the meltdown of a Nuclear Plant. When a city poses a potential pollution problem, skulls on yellow triangles appear in the Information Box of the City Display. The more skulls a city generates, the higher the city's chance of polluting a terrain square within the city radius each turn. When world pollution reaches sufficiently critical levels, there is a chance that global warming can occur.

Pollution can be cleaned up by moving Settlers or Engineers into the polluted square and pressing the "P" key, or choosing the "Clean Up Pollution" command from the Orders menu. Pollution production of cities can be reduced through the construction of certain City Improvements, or by reducing the city's Shield production.

@@Railroads
Railroads revolutionized transportation by providing a relatively cheap and fast method of moving people, raw materials, finished goods, and troops over great distances. Not only did they support and encourage industrial growth by dramatically reducing transport time and costs, they also spurred technological research. Railroads were among the first great industrial corporations.

Railroads can be built by Settlers and Engineers after the discovery of the Railroad. They are constructed by moving onto terrain containing a road, and pressing the "R" key, or by selecting the "Build Railroad" command from the Orders menu. Units moving along a railroad expend no movement points. Railroads increase Shield and Trade production by 50 percent (rounded down).

@@Roads
A network of good quality roads improves travel between cities. Roads were important to ancient civilizations for trade and the movement of troops. As technology grew, roads were improved. Modern, paved roads are passable in almost any type of weather, and can be traversed much more quickly than dirt roads.

Roads can be built by Settlers and Engineers by pressing the "R" key, or by selecting the "Build Road" command from the Orders menu. Roads can be built in any terrain except Oceans; however, they cannot be built in a River square until the discovery of Bridge Building. Units moving along roads expend only one third of a movement point per square, regardless of terrain type. Roads also increase the amount of Trade produced by Deserts, Plains, Grasslands, and any natural resource that already generates trade.

@@Science
The amount of scientific research contributed by a city is indicated by the beaker icons shown in the Resource Chart of the City Display. At the start of each turn, the science output of each city is added to the research project currently in progress, eventually resulting in the discovery of a new Civilization Advance. The more beakers each city produces, the faster new Advances are discovered. The amount of science produced by your civilization is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to science. This percentage can be adjusted by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" command on the Kingdom menu.

The science output of individual cities and your civilization as a whole can also be increased by building certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Scientists.

@@Sentry
Units ordered to go on sentry duty appear as gray silhouettes. These units are removed from the movement queue, and remain on sentry duty until another unit moves into their sight range or until they are manually reactivated. Units on sentry duty inside a city are automatically loaded onto ships (up to the ship's unit carrying capacity) when the ship leaves the city.

Units are placed on sentry duty by pressing the "S" key, or by choosing the "Sentry" option on the Orders menu. Damaged units placed on sentry inside a city become active when they have been completely repaired.

@@Shields
The production of raw materials by your cities is represented by shield icons. Thus, raw materials are commonly referred to as "Shields". The number of Shields produced by each city is displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Shields are used to support units. Each unit might, depending on government type and other circumstances, require that its home city expend one Shield per turn to support the unit. Excess Shields not used to support units are used for the production of City Improvements, Wonders of the World, and new units.

Shield production largely depends on the type of terrain surrounding the city. In most circumstances, Shield production of a city can be increased through the construction of certain Improvements and Wonders. The construction of mines also improves Shield production in certain types of terrain.

@@Specialists
The citizen icons displayed in the Population Roster of the City Display represent the city's work force. Each citizen added to the roster is automatically put to work developing one of the terrain squares within the city radius. In certain situations it may become necessary to remove a citizen from terrain production in order to perform a specific task. Citizens so removed are called specialists. There are three types of specialist, each of which increases one of the three components of Trade produced by a city. Entertainers increase Luxuries, Tax Men increase Taxes, and Scientists increase Science production.

To create a specialist, click on any production square in the City Map. The production icons disappear from the square, and an Entertainer appears in the Population Roster. To create a Tax Man, click the Entertainer icon once. To create a Scientist, first create a Tax Man, then click the Tax Man icon once. Cities must be size five or larger to support Tax Men and Scientists.

@@Taxes
The Taxes collected by a city are indicated by gold coin icons in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Taxes are used primarily to pay the maintenance cost of City Improvements each turn. Any tax revenues not used for maintenance of Improvements are added to your treasury. The amount of Taxes generated by the city is primarily determined by the amount of incoming Trade you have allocated to Taxes. This can be adjusted by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" option from the Kingdom menu.

Tax revenues can also be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World, or by converting citizens into Tax Men.

@@Trade
Trade represents more than just the exchange of goods and cash between cities and civilizations. Trade also represents the exchange of knowledge and ideas, and the recreational travel and activities of the citizens of your civilization. The total amount of Trade produced by each city is represented by double-arrow icons displayed in the Resource Chart of the City Display. Trade is then broken down into three separate components: Taxes, Luxuries, and Science. The amount of Trade allocated to each of these areas is controlled by selecting the "Change Tax Rate" option on the Kingdom menu.

Trade can be increased through the construction of certain City Improvements and Wonders of the World. It can also be increased through terrain improvements, and through the establishment of trade routes.

@@Trade Routes
Trade routes are established by moving a Caravan or Freight unit into a city at least ten squares from the unit's home city. You receive an immediate cash payment on the turn that the route is established. On each ensuing turn, each city receives a Trade bonus for as long as the trade route exists. The farther apart the two cities are, the more valuable the trade route. Trade routes established with cities of a rival civilization tend to be more profitable than those established between friendly cities. Each city may have up to three active trade routes at any time.

When using the Advanced Trade rules, the value of a trade route is also affected by the type of goods traded. When trading a commodity that is demanded by the destination city, the trade route is much more profitable.

@@Veteran Units
During the American Civil War, soldiers who had never been in battle were said to have "seen the elephant" after being under fire for the first time. Afterward, they were considered veterans. History shows that well-trained, veteran soldiers are much more likely to survive a battle than inexperienced troops.

Units have a 50 percent chance of becoming Veterans each time they survive a combat encounter. Cities with a Barracks Improvement automatically produce Veteran units, as do all cities under the influence of the Sun Tzu's War Academy Wonder. The attack and defense factors of Veteran units is increased by 50 percent.

@@Corruption and Waste
As your civilization grows, you might notice that some of your cities are losing some of their Trade and Shields to corruption and waste. Corruption is Trade income that is lost to theft, embezzlement, and other illegal practices. Waste is Shield production that is lost to inefficiency. The farther a city is from your capital, the more corruption and waste it experiences. The amount of corruption and waste is also affected by the system of government you are using.
 
Corruption and waste, if left unchecked, can significantly slow the development of your civilization. Both corruption and waste can be reduced by 50 percent by building a Courthouse in the city experiencing the problem. The best solution, however, is to switch your system of government to a more advanced form. The more advanced the government, the less corruption and waste you experience. Communism and Democracy alleviate this problem altogether.

@@Unhappiness Due to Civ Size
Once you have built a certain number of cities, your citizens start to worry about your ability to effectively govern your civilization. When this occurs, additional unhappy citizens appear in each city.

The number of cities you can build before causing additional unhappiness is based on a number of factors, including game difficulty level and government type. The number of cities is higher for more advanced governments and lower levels of difficulty.

@@Combat Damage
It is now possible for units to be damaged as a result of combat. In each successful attack, a unit inflicts an amount of damage equal to its Firepower rating. The amount of damage a unit can sustain before it is destroyed is determined by multiplying the unit's Hit Point rating by ten.

The approximate amount of damage a unit has sustained can be determined by the length and color of the unit's damage bar (the colored bar at the top of the unit's shield symbol). A green bar indicates that the unit has lost from 0 to 33 percent of its Hit Points, a yellow bar shows that the unit has lost from 34 to 66 percent, and a red bar indicates that it has lost 67 percent or more.

Damage also affects the movement of a unit. The percentage of movement lost is equivalent to the percentage of Hit Points lost. Sea units can never have their movement reduced below two. The movement of air units is not affected by damage.

@@Transforming Terrain
In addition to the changes to Terrain that can be made through irrigation and mining, Engineers are able to transform map squares into a radically different Terrain types by using the "Transform" command on the Orders menu. Terrain transformation is particularly useful if the Terrain surrounding a city doesn't produce sufficient resources.

See the Civilopedia entries for each Terrain type for the results of Engineer transformation.

@@Airbases
After the discovery of Radio, your Settlers and Engineers have the ability to construct Airbases. Airbases act as remote refueling stations for Fighters, Bombers, Stealth Fighters, and Stealth Bombers. Strategically placed Airbases effectively extend the range of these units, allowing them to operate farther from friendly cities and Carriers.

To build an Airbase, chose the "Airbase" command from the Orders menu, or press the "e" key.

@@Airlift
After the discovery of Combined Arms, you have the ability to perform Airlift operations between your cities. Airlifting allows you to move units instantly over great distances. In order to Airlift a unit between two cities, both cities must have an Airport.

To Airlift a unit, move the unit into a city with an Airport and choose "Airlift" from the Orders menu, or press the "l" key. A menu of possible destinations appears. Choose the destination city from the menu, and the unit is instantly transported to that city. The unit becomes available for use on the following turn.

@@City Squares
;Translation Note: This refers to the map squares occupied by cities, not "Town Squares".
The resources utilized by a city are not only generated in the squares surrounding the city: they are also generated by the city square itself. The city square generates all the resources normally produced by the Terrain type on which the city is built. In addition, the Terrain square occupied by the city is improved to the maximum extent possible. The city square automatically contains a road, which is upgraded to a railroad when the Railroad Advance is discovered. The city square is also automatically irrigated or mined, depending on the type of terrain. Finally, if the city is built on Terrain that normally produces no Shields, one Shield is automatically added to the other resources generated in the city square. These enhancements ensure that the city square produces the maximum amount of resources possible.


@This must be here to terminate search!!!

